Physics at high Q^2 and p^2_t: Summary of DIS 2000

We summarize the experimental and theoretical results presented in the "Physics at the Highest Q^2 and p^2_t" working group at the DIS 2000 Workshop. High Q^2 and p^2_t processes measured at current and future colliders allow to improve our knowledge of Standard Model (SM) physics, by providing precise measurements of the SM parameters and, consequently, consistency checks of the SM. Moreover, they give information on key quantities for the calculation of the SM expectations in a yet unexplored domain, such as the parton densities of the proton or the photon. In addition to these experimental inputs, higher-order calculations are also needed to obtain precise expectations for SM processes, which are a key ingredient for the searches for new phenomena in high Q^2 and p^2_t processes at current and future experiments. The experimental and theoretical status of SM physics at high Q^2 and p^2_t is reviewed in the first part of this summary, with the remaining being dedicated to physics beyond the Standard Model.Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures. Typos correcte

Search for lepton flavor violation via the intense high-energy muon beam

A deep inerastic scattering process \mutau is discussed to study lepton flavor violation between muons and tau leptons. In supersymmetric models, the Higgs boson mediated diagrams could be important for this reaction. We find that at a muon energy ($E_{\mu}$) higher than 50 GeV, the predicted cross section significantly increases due to the contribution from sea $b$-quarks. The number of produced tau leptons can be $\mathcal{O}(10^4)$ at $E_{\mu}$= 300 GeV from $10^{20}$ muons, whereas $\mathcal{O}(10^2)$ events are given at $E_{\mu}= 50$ GeV.Comment: Contribution to the 6th International Workshop on Neutrino Factories & Superbeams(NuFact04), Jul. 26-Aug. 1, 2004, Osaka Univerisity, Osaka, Japan, talk given by S.K., to appear in the Proceedings, 3 pages, 4 figure

Using ocean-glint scattered sunlight as a diagnostic tool for satellite remote sensing of greenhouse gases

International audienceSpectroscopic measurements of sunlight backscattered by the Earth's surface is a technique widely used for remote sensing of atmospheric constituent concentrations from space. Thereby, remote sensing of greenhouse gases poses particularly challenging accuracy requirements for instrumentation and retrieval algorithms which, in general, suffer from various error sources. Here, we investigate a method that helps disentangle sources of error for observations of sunlight backscattered from the glint spot on the ocean surface. The method exploits the backscattering characteristics of the ocean surface, which is bright for glint geometry but dark for off-glint angles. This property allows for identifying a set of clean scenes where light scattering due to particles in the atmosphere is negligible such that uncertain knowledge of the lightpath can be excluded as a source of error. We apply the method to more than 3 yr of ocean-glint measurements by the Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation (TANSO) Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) onboard the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), which aims at measuring carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) concentrations. The proposed method is able to clearly monitor recent improvements in the instrument calibration of the oxygen (O2) A-band channel and suggests some residual uncertainty in our knowledge about the instrument. We further assess the consistency of CO2 retrievals from several absorption bands between 6400 cm-1(1565 nm) and 4800 cm-1(2100 nm) and find that the absorption bands commonly used for monitoring of CO2 dry air mole fractions from GOSAT allow for consistency better than 1.5 ppm. Usage of other bands reveals significant inconsistency among retrieved CO2 concentrations pointing at inconsistency of spectroscopic parameters. © 2013 Author(s)

Toward accurate CO_2 and CH_4 observations from GOSAT

The column-average dry air mole fractions of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane (X_(CO_2) and X_(CH_4)) are inferred from observations of backscattered sunlight conducted by the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). Comparing the first year of GOSAT retrievals over land with colocated ground-based observations of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), we find an average difference (bias) of −0.05% and −0.30% for X_(CO_2) and X_(CH_4) with a station-to-station variability (standard deviation of the bias) of 0.37% and 0.26% among the 6 considered TCCON sites. The root-mean square deviation of the bias-corrected satellite retrievals from colocated TCCON observations amounts to 2.8 ppm for X_(CO_2) and 0.015 ppm for X_(CH_4). Without any data averaging, the GOSAT records reproduce general source/sink patterns such as the seasonal cycle of X_(CO_2) suggesting the use of the satellite retrievals for constraining surface fluxes

The impact of spectral resolution on satellite retrieval accuracy of CO_2 and CH_4

The Fourier-transform spectrometer on board the Japanese GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite) satellite offers an excellent opportunity to study the impact of instrument resolution on retrieval accuracy of CO_2 and CH_4. This is relevant to further improve retrieval accuracy and to optimize the cost–benefit ratio of future satellite missions for the remote sensing of greenhouse gases. To address this question, we degrade GOSAT measurements with a spectral resolution of ≈ 0.24 cm^(−1) step by step to a resolution of 1.5 cm^(−1). We examine the results by comparing relative differences at various resolutions, by referring the results to reference values from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), and by calculating and inverting synthetic spectra for which the true CO_2 and CH_4 columns are known. The main impacts of degrading the spectral resolution are reproduced for all approaches based on GOSAT measurements; pure forward model errors identified with simulated measurements are much smaller. For GOSAT spectra, the most notable effect on CO_2 retrieval accuracy is the increase of the standard deviation of retrieval errors from 0.7 to 1.0% when the spectral resolution is reduced by a factor of six. The retrieval biases against atmospheric water abundance and air mass become stronger with decreasing resolution. The error scatter increase for CH_4 columns is less pronounced. The selective degradation of single spectral windows demonstrates that the retrieval accuracy of CO_2 and CH_4 is dominated by the spectral range where the absorption lines of the target molecule are located. For both GOSAT and synthetic measurements, retrieval accuracy decreases with lower spectral resolution for a given signal-to-noise ratio, suggesting increasing interference errors

Effects of radiation damage caused by proton irradiation on Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPCs)

We have investigated the effects caused by proton-induced radiation damage on Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC), a pixelized photon detector developed by Hamamatsu Photonics. The leakage current of irradiated MPPC samples linearly increases with total irradiated doses due to radiation damage, which is not completely recovered even after a year from the irradiation. No significant change has been observed in the gains at least up to 8.0 Gy ($9.1\times10^7$ n/mm$^2$ in 1 MeV neutron equivalent fluence, $\Phi_{\rm eq}$). The device has completely lost its photon-counting capability due to baseline fluctuations and noise pile-up after 21 Gy irradiation ($2.4\times10^8$ n/mm$^2$ in $\Phi_{\rm eq}$), which might be problematic for some applications, such as ring-imaging Cherenkov detectors. We have found that the pulse-height resolution has been slightly deteriorated after 42 Gy irradiation ($4.8\times10^8$ n/mm$^2$ in $\Phi_{\rm eq}$), where the measured sample has been illuminated with a few hundred photons. This effect should be considered in the case of energy-measurement applications.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figure

青年-両親関係 : 心理的離乳その4(一般教養関係)

The aim of this aticle is to verify the meanivg of parents, friends and teachers as counsellor of The adolescent. The subjects in this study are 1207 boys and girls in all. The results are as follows. 1) The meaning of parents friends and teahers as counsellor of the adolescent vary according to the matters to be consulted. Mothers are chosen as counsellor by the most adolescent and then friends are done by the same adolescent. 2) With the in crease of age, adolescents, especially in university students prefers friends to mothers

Development and behavior of wild infant-juvenile East Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in Danum Valley

Orangutans have a long period of immaturity and the longest inter-birth interval (IBI) of all mammals, which can be explained by their solitary life style, preventing the mother from rearing two offspring simultaneously (solitary life hypothesis) [corrected]. We collected data on mother-offspring dyads living in a primary lowland forest in Danum Valley, East Borneo in an effort to examine the developmental and behavioral patterns of the subspecies Pongo pygmaeus morio. We analyzed developmental changes in mother-offspring distance, contact, and activity budgets in orangutans ranging from 1 to 7 years of age. The results indicated decreased resting and playing with increasing age, whereas feeding, traveling and social play all increased significantly. Mothers' feeding and traveling time were good predictors of their offspring's feeding and traveling activities. Mother-offspring contact lasted longer in resting contexts; contact during traveling was almost non-existent after 4 years of age. Comparisons with previously published data on the Sumatran species Pongo abelli revealed no fundamental differences in these behavioral measures. However, a shorter association time with the mother after behavioral independence is documented for this East Bornean population in comparison to Sumatran populations. These results are best explained by the solitary life hypothesis, in agreement with previous studies. We suggest that environmental constraints in Bornean forests, as well as a lower population density, should be considered when interpreting the differences between Sumatran and Bornean orangutans in both the period of association with mother and the IBI

青年-両親関係 : 心理的離乳その5(一般教養関係)

The aim of this report is to verify the emotional closeness-the feeling-of familiarity of parents friends to the adolescent. The subjects are the same pupils in the study of Rarent-Adolescent Relationship-on the psycholozical weaning (4)-Obtained results are as follows. 1) Concerning from the degvee of emolional closeness to adolescent, mothers especially in girl adolescent, rank first to it. Friends rank next and teachers rank the last of all. 2) The degree of the feeling of familierity corresponds functionally to the meaning of parents and teachers as counsellor of the adolescent