Assesment of Postoperative Analgesic Effects of Intramuscular Tramadol Administration and Intraperitoneal Bupivacaine following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background: For postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic surgeries, intramuscular or intravenous non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids, infiltration at the incision site with local anesthetics, intraperitoneal infiltration of local anesthetics with adjuvants, epidurals and nerve blocks were in use. The study was aimed to assess the efficacy of intramuscular Tramadol and intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine on postoperative analgesia, postoperative nausea, and vomiting following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: This study included 60 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I and ASA II patients of aged 18-60 years who were scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. 60 patients were classified randomly into two groups equally: Group T received 100 Mg of intramuscular tramadol and Group B received intraperitoneal instillation of 30 ml of plain bupivacaine. Time duration, postoperative pain, haemodynamics, nausea, vomiting, and time taken to rescue analgesia were noted. Results: The time for onset of analgesia was 6.51 ± 2.41min in group T and 7.61 ± 2.19 min in group B (p=0.039). The duration of analgesia was 2.37 ± 0.67 hours in group T and 3.65 ± 0.79 hours in group B (p=0.002). VAS Score was significantly lower in Group T than Group B at 1hr, 2hr, 4hr and 6hr (p <0.05). Intraperitoneal bupivacaine showed a significant reduction in postoperative pain for the first 6 hours postoperatively (P<0.05), and time taken to rescue analgesia requirement was prolonged (P<0.05). The rescue analgesia consumption of Paracetamol was 1.5 grams in group-B and 2.5 grams in group T (P<0.05) in 24 hr post-surgery. Nausea and vomiting were observed in 2 cases, and shoulder pain in one case in group T. Conclusion: Bupivacaine is effective in reducing postoperative pain, and it prolongs the requirement time for rescue analgesia after LC surgery. It also required less consumption of rescue analgesic without fluctuations in hemodynamic

Development of a PCR assay and marker-assisted transfer of leaf rust resistance gene \u3ci\u3eLr58\u3c/i\u3e into adapted winter wheats

Leaf rust resistance gene Lr58 derived from Aegilops triuncialis L. was transferred to the hard red winter wheat (HRWW) cultivars Jagger and Overley by standard backcrossing and marker-assisted selection (MAS). A co-dominant PCR-based sequence tagged site (STS) marker was developed based on the sequence information of the RFLP marker (XksuH16) diagnostically detecting the alien segment in T2BS•2BL-2tL(0.95). STS marker Xncw- Lr58-1 was used to select backcross F1 plants with rust resistance. The co-dominant marker polymorphism detected by primer pair NCW-Lr58-1 efficiently identified the homozygous BC3F2 plants with rust resistance gene Lr58. The STS marker Xncw- Lr58-1 showed consistent diagnostic polymorphism between the resistant source and the wheat cultivars selected by the US Wheat Coordinated Agricultural Project. The utility and compatibility of the STS marker in MAS programs involving robust genotyping platforms was demonstrated in both agarosebased and capillary-based platforms. Screening backcross derivatives carrying Lr58 with various rust races at seedling stage suggested the transferred rust resistance in adapted winter wheats is stable in both cultivar backgrounds. Lr58 in adapted winter wheat backgrounds could be used in combination with other resistance genes in wheat rust resistance breeding

Estrogen Receptor Negative Breast Cancer in India: Do We Really Have Higher Burden of this Subtype?

ER negative and Triple negative breast cancers carry a poorer prognosis and are not amenable to hormone therapy. It has been previously observed that Indian patients with breast cancer have a higher tendency to have these tumours. Whether this is due to inherent biological differences in the tumours of our patients is a matter of much debate. We have analysed 250 patients of breast cancer for hormone receptor status, compared them with western series, and attempted to support the hypothesis that the higher ER negativity and triple negativity is indeed due to different tumour biology