Laplace's rule of succession in information geometry

Laplace's "add-one" rule of succession modifies the observed frequencies in a sequence of heads and tails by adding one to the observed counts. This improves prediction by avoiding zero probabilities and corresponds to a uniform Bayesian prior on the parameter. The canonical Jeffreys prior corresponds to the "add-one-half" rule. We prove that, for exponential families of distributions, such Bayesian predictors can be approximated by taking the average of the maximum likelihood predictor and the \emph{sequential normalized maximum likelihood} predictor from information theory. Thus in this case it is possible to approximate Bayesian predictors without the cost of integrating or sampling in parameter space

Sequence sensitivity of breathing dynamics in heteropolymer DNA

We study the fluctuation dynamics of localized denaturation bubbles in heteropolymer DNA with a master equation and complementary stochastic simulation based on novel DNA stability data. A significant dependence of opening probability and waiting time between bubble events on the local DNA sequence is revealed and quantified for a biological sequence of the T7 bacteriophage. Quantitative agreement with data from fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is demonstrated.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, to appear in Physical Review Letter

История безопасности полетов: методология, опыт, перспективы

The formulation of the flight safety history problem is stated. The article shows that it is problematic to scientifically substantiate, systematize, analyze and generalize the theoretical and empirical flight safety material accumulated in various fields. From a historical perspective, the necessity for a socio-humanitarian assessment of the transformation processes of scientific and applied experience in the field of flight safety is substantiated. New multidisciplinary line of research, making use of a specific scientific apparatus and methodological tools, i.e., the history of flight safety, the subject basis of which covers social activities throughout the life cycle of all aerospace engineering (artificial flying objects in the Earth's atmosphere and space, aircraft, crews, passengers, other aerospace system specialists), including aeronautics, aviation, cosmonautics over a span of the entire history of mankind, is proposed. A brief overview of publications on the issue of flight safety is offered. The experience of flight safety history research is analyzed. The periodization of flight safety history in the XX–XXI centuries, giving prominence to three stages: 1. Generating ideas, technologies, flight safety systems (10–40s of the XX century). 2. Establishing the national and international systems to ensure flight safety, scientific research, personnel education and training in the field of flight safety (50–80s of the XX century). 3. Developing new ideas, technologies, projects, flight safety management systems, active ensuring of flight safety, etc. (since the 90s of the XX century), is proposed. The foundations of the conceptual model of the flight safety history are presented, the methodology, experience and prospects of research are considered. It is recommended to organize systematic studies of the flight safety history, covering the aspects of the world and domestic science, education and practice; to create a unified information system on the history of flight safety based on new information technologies, the ultimate aim of which can be a virtual worldwide museum of flight safety; to initiate a pilot project of the National Flight Safety Museum of Russia and to start its development in the year of the 100th anniversary of our civil aviation; in the future, to develop a new academic discipline "History of Flight Safety" for training aerospace industry specialists and researchers.Поставлена проблема истории безопасности полетов. Показано, что научно обоснованная систематизация, анализ и обобщение накопленного в разных сферах теоретического и эмпирического материала по безопасности полетов затруднены. Обоснована потребность в социогуманитарной оценке процессов трансформации научного и прикладного опыта в сфере безопасности полетов в историческом ракурсе. Предложено новое, располагающее специфическим научным аппаратом и методологическим инструментарием, мультидисциплинарное направление исследований – история безопасности полетов, предметное основание которого охватывает социальную деятельность на жизненном цикле всей аэрокосмической техники (искусственных летающих объектов в атмосфере Земли и космосе, летательных аппаратов, экипажей, пассажиров, других специалистов аэрокосмической системы) с охватом воздухоплавания, авиации, космонавтики за всю историю человечества. Сделан краткий обзор публикаций по проблеме безопасности полетов. Проанализирован опыт исследований истории безопасности полетов и предложена периодизация истории безопасности полетов в XX–XXI вв., в которой выделены три этапа: 1) зарождение идей, технологий, систем безопасности полетов (10–40-е гг. XX в.); 2) становление национальных и международных систем обеспечения безопасности полетов, научных исследований, обучения и подготовки кадров в области безопасности полетов (50–80-е гг. XX в.); 3) развитие новых идей, технологий, проектов, систем управления безопасности полетов, активного обеспечения безопасности полетов и др. (с 90-х гг. XX в.). Представлены основания концептуальной модели истории безопасности полетов, рассмотрены методология, опыт и перспективы исследований. Рекомендовано организовать систематические исследования истории безопасности полетов с охватом аспектов мировой и отечественной науки, образования и практики; создать единую информационную систему по истории безопасности полетов на основе новых информационных технологий, ядром которой может стать виртуальный всемирный музей безопасности полетов; инициировать пилотный проект национального музея безопасности полетов России и начать его разработку в год 100-летия нашей гражданской авиации; в перспективе разработать новую учебную дисциплину «История безопасности полетов» для обучения специалистов аэрокосмической отрасли и исследователей.

VERIFICATION OF MEASUREMENT METHODS IN A CHEMICAL LABORATORY

This article discusses in detail such a conformity assessment procedure as verification, describes the methods and stages of this procedure, as well as the stages of verification of methods introduced into the laboratory for the first time and/or methods introduced to replace those already used, but with significant changes.В данной статье подробно рассмотрена такая процедура подтверждения соответствия, как верификация, описаны способы этапы проведения данной процедуры, а также этапы верификации методик, впервые вводимых в практику лаборатории и/или методик, вводимых взамен уже используемых, но с существенными внесёнными изменениями

FORMATION OF A GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Статья посвящена проблеме негативного влияния выбросов парниковых газов, поскольку снижение углеродного следа является важнейшей задачей современности, решение которой позволит приблизиться к допустимому уровню антропогенного воздействия на биосферу и будет способствовать смягчению последствий изменения климата. В работе даны предложения по классификации выбросов, предложенные Международной организацией по стандартизации (ИСО), а также рекомендации по внедрению в компании системы экологического менеджмента.The article is devoted to the problem of the negative impact of greenhouse gas emissions, since reducing the carbon footprint is one of the most important tasks of our time, the solution of which will allow us to approach the permissible level of anthropogenic impact on the biosphere and will contribute to mitigating the effects of climate change. The paper presents proposals for the classification of emissions proposed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), as well as recommendations for the introduction of an environmental management system in the company

Bubble dynamics in DNA

The formation of local denaturation zones (bubbles) in double-stranded DNA is an important example for conformational changes of biological macromolecules. We study the dynamics of bubble formation in terms of a Fokker-Planck equation for the probability density to find a bubble of size n base pairs at time t, on the basis of the free energy in the Poland-Scheraga model. Characteristic bubble closing and opening times can be determined from the corresponding first passage time problem, and are sensitive to the specific parameters entering the model. A multistate unzipping model with constant rates recently applied to DNA breathing dynamics [G. Altan-Bonnet et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 138101 (2003)] emerges as a limiting case.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figure

MicroRNA profiling of the murine hematopoietic system

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of recently discovered noncoding RNA genes that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. It is becoming clear that miRNAs play an important role in the regulation of gene expression during development. However, in mammals, expression data are principally based on whole tissue analysis and are still very incomplete. RESULTS: We used oligonucleotide arrays to analyze miRNA expression in the murine hematopoietic system. Complementary oligonucleotides capable of hybridizing to 181 miRNAs were immobilized on a membrane and probed with radiolabeled RNA derived from low molecular weight fractions of total RNA from several different hematopoietic and neuronal cells. This method allowed us to analyze cell type-specific patterns of miRNA expression and to identify miRNAs that might be important for cell lineage specification and/or cell effector functions. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of systematic miRNA gene profiling in cells of the hematopoietic system. As expected, miRNA expression patterns were very different between hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, with further subtle differences observed within the hematopoietic group. Interestingly, the most pronounced similarities were observed among fully differentiated effector cells (Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes and mast cells) and precursors at comparable stages of differentiation (double negative thymocytes and pro-B cells), suggesting that in addition to regulating the process of commitment to particular cellular lineages, miRNAs might have an important general role in the mechanism of cell differentiation and maintenance of cell identity