33 research outputs found

    Development of q-PCR approaches to assess water quality: Effects of cadmium on gene expression of the diatom Eolimna minima

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    This study was undertaken to develop molecular tools to assess water quality using diatoms as the biological model. Molecular approaches were designed following the development of a rapid and easy RNA extraction method suited to diatoms and the sequencing of genes involved in mitochondrial and photosystem metabolism. Secondly the impact of cadmium was evaluated at the genetic level by q-PCR on 9 genes of interest after exposure of Eolimna minima diatom populations cultured in suspension under controlled laboratory conditions. Their growth kinetics and Cd bioaccumulation were followed.Population growth rates revealed the high impact of Cd at 100μg/L with total inhibition of growth. These results are linked to the high bioaccumulation values calculated after 14 days of exposure, 57.0±6.3μg. Cd/g. dw and 734.1±70μg. Cd/g. dw for exposures of 10 and 100μg. Cd/L respectively.Genetic responses revealed the impact of Cd on the mitochondrial metabolism and the chloroplast photosystem of E. minima exposed to 10 and 100μg. Cd/L with induction of cox1, 12S, d1 and psaA after 7 days of exposure for the concentration of 100μg. Cd/L and of nad5, d1 and psaA after 14 days of exposure for both conditions.This is the first reported use of q-PCR for the assessment of toxic pollution on benthic river diatoms. The results obtained presage interesting perspectives, but the techniques developed need to be optimized before the design of new water quality diagnosis tools for use on natural biofilms

    Cardiomyocyte Specific Ablation of p53 Is Not Sufficient to Block Doxorubicin Induced Cardiac Fibrosis and Associated Cytoskeletal Changes

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    Doxorubicin (Dox) is an anthracycline used to effectively treat several forms of cancer. Unfortunately, the use of Dox is limited due to its association with cardiovascular complications which are manifested as acute and chronic cardiotoxicity. The pathophysiological mechanism of Dox induced cardiotoxicity appears to involve increased expression of the tumor suppressor protein p53 in cardiomyocytes, followed by cellular apoptosis. It is not known whether downregulation of p53 expression in cardiomyocytes would result in decreased rates of myocardial fibrosis which occurs in response to cardiomyocyte loss. Further, it is not known whether Dox can induce perivascular necrosis and associated fibrosis in the heart. In this study we measured the effects of acute Dox treatment on myocardial and perivascular apoptosis and fibrosis in a conditional knockout (CKO) mouse model system which harbours inactive p53 alleles specifically in cardiomyocytes. CKO mice treated with a single dose of Dox (20 mg/kg), did not display lower levels of myocardial apoptosis or reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) compared to control mice with intact p53 alleles. Interestingly, CKO mice also displayed higher levels of interstitial and perivascular fibrosis compared to controls 3 or 7 days after Dox treatment. Additionally, the decrease in levels of the microtubule protein α-tubulin, which occurs in response to Dox treatment, was not prevented in CKO mice. Overall, these results indicate that selective loss of p53 in cardiomyocytes is not sufficient to prevent Dox induced myocardial ROS/RNS generation, apoptosis, interstitial fibrosis and perivascular fibrosis. Further, these results support a role for p53 independent apoptotic pathways leading to Dox induced myocardial damage and highlight the importance of vascular lesions in Dox induced cardiotoxicity

    Highly flexible, electrically driven, top-emitting, quantum dot light-emitting stickers

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    Flexible information displays are key elements in future optoelectronic devices. Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) with advantages in color quality, stability, and cost-effectiveness are emerging as a candidate for single-material, full color light sources. Despite the recent advances in QLED technology, making high-performance flexible QLEDs still remains a big challenge due to limited choices of proper materials and device architectures as well as poor mechanical stability. Here, we show highly efficient, large-area QLED tapes emitting in red, green, and blue (RGB) colors with top-emitting design and polyimide tapes as flexible substrates. The brightness and quantum efficiency are 20 000 cd/m2 and 4.03%, respectively, the highest values reported for flexible QLEDs. Besides the excellent electroluminescence performance, these QLED films are highly flexible and mechanically robust to use as electrically driven light-emitting stickers by placing on or removing from any curved surface, facilitating versatile LED applications. Our QLED tapes present a step toward practical quantum dot based platforms for high-performance flexible displays and solid-state lighting. © 2014 American Chemical Society

    Effets de mélanges de pesticides sur les biofilms périphytiques d'eau douce

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    Biofilms can be regarded as biological warning systems, because they are generally composed of short generation time organisms presenting a large range of environmental preferenda and various sensibilities to anthropogenic disturbance. In the present study, effects of pesticides on river biofilms have been studied at different levels of representativeness, from complex mixtures at low dose represented by extracts of the passive sampler POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) to molecules tested alone, via simple mixtures. Chronic exposure to low dose of POCIS extracts revealed impacts on growth related, structural (diatom assemblages) and functional parameters related to biofilm exposure history. Moreover experiments using single molecules and simple mixtures allowed to characterised the relative toxicity of compounds present in the POCIS extracts in link with their specific mode of action and explore the response of descriptors rarely used in ecotoxicology field like the construction of Rapid Light Curves (RLCs). This work confirms the relevance of the use of passive sampler extracts as POCIS in order to better understand the effects of pesticides in mixture on river biofilms as well as the interest of RLCs as early descriptors of pesticides exposure.On considère généralement les biofilms comme des indicateurs biologiques d’alerte, les organismes les composant ayant des temps de génération relativement courts et présentant une grande diversité de preferenda environnementaux et de sensibilité aux altérations anthropiques. Dans ces travaux, les effets de pesticides sur les biofilms de rivière ont été étudiés à différentes échelles de représentativité, allant de mélanges complexes à faible dose en utilisant des extraits d’échantillonneur passif POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) à des molécules testées seules, en passant par des mélanges simples. L’exposition chronique et à faible dose aux extraits de POCIS a révélé des impacts au niveau de la croissance, de la structure (assemblages de diatomées) et du fonctionnement du biofilm en lien avec son exposition passée. De plus les expériences utilisant des molécules testées seules (pesticides et métabolites) et les mélanges simples ont permis de caractériser la toxicité relative des composés présents dans les extraits de POCIS en lien avec leur mode d’action et d’explorer la réponse de descripteurs encore peu utilisés en écotoxicologie comme la construction de Rapid Light Curves (RLCs). Ce travail confirme la pertinence de l’utilisation des extraits d’échantillonneurs passifs comme le POCIS pour mieux appréhender les effets des pesticides en mélanges sur le biofilm de rivière ainsi que l’intérêt des RLCs en tant que descripteur précoce d’exposition aux pesticides

    Des communautés complexes exposées à des contaminants multiples : couplage entre échantillonneurs passifs et biofilm en écotoxicologie

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    International audienceIn rivers, risk assessment requires taking into account both the complexity of contaminations (multiple substances at low concentrations), and the increasing demand for ecologically realistic biological endpoints used in toxicity testing. These issues can be tackled by coupling toxicity assessment using complex communities, such as periphyton, and complex contaminants like passive samplers extracts (PSE). Here we propose to review some recent progresses in ecotoxicology allowed by the joint use of PSE from POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers) and river periphyton. More specifically, we will present diverse experimental approaches, aiming at: -characterizing the 'toxic potential' of waters and applying the pollution community induced tolerance (PICT) approach to pesticide mixtures, -increasing the environmental realism in microcosm experiments by performing chronic low dose exposure to mixtures from PSE. We were able to detect PICT in periphyton collected in rivers showing a gradient of increasing pesticide concentrations or at sites with different contamination profiles using toxicity tests with PSE from the field. Then, we improved mixture toxicity assessment by implementing chronic exposure experiments with PSE as a complex contaminant, at low doses. The environmentally relevant concentrations tested drove community changes, in their structure (biomass, composition) as well as in their functions (enzymatic activities)

    Effets de mélanges environnementalement réalistes de pesticides sur des biofilms naturels ayant des historiques d'exposition différents

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    National audienceLocalisée dans la région viticole du Beaujolais (Est de la France), la Morcille est soumise à une pression viticole forte conduisant à la contamination de la rivière par une gamme d'herbicides et de fongicides. L'objectif de cette étude est d'utiliser des extraits d'échantillonneurs passifs pour mettre en évidence les effets de mélanges réalistes de pesticides sur des biofilms naturels avec des antécédents d'exposition diversifiés. Les impacts chroniques et aigus des pesticides en mélange sur les biofilms ont été évalués à l'aide d'extraits de POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers) préalablement immergés à l'aval du cours d'eau (site le plus contaminé). Leurs effets sur des communautés issues de l'amont (site de référence) et de l'aval (contaminé) ont été étudiés en canaux artificiels, dans lesquels les biofilms ont été placés dans des conditions non contaminées pendant 13 jours, ou exposés à des extraits de POCIS afin de reproduire une pression toxique réaliste (observée in situ). Après 13 jours d'exposition, des impacts significatifs de la contamination ont été observés sur les paramètres liés à la biomasse, à la croissance et à la physiologie des biofilms. Une diminution significative de la densité de diatomées a été observée pour les biofilms exposés, par rapport aux témoins, quelle que soit l'origine du biofilm. Les analyses taxonomiques ont révélé des impacts des mélange de pesticides sur la composition des diatomées, la structure des communautés amont divergeant avec l'exposition ou non (avec des abondances accrues de Nitzschia palea et Eolimna minima pour la modalité contaminée). Les communautés aval, exposées ou non, se sont avérées présenter une composition, soulignant l'importance des processus d'immigration dans la récupération des assemblages de diatomées. Afin d'évaluer la tolérance initiale de biofilms au mélange de pesticides, des tests de toxicité aiguë ont été réalisés en début d'expérience, révélant une tolérance nettement plus élevée des biofilms originaires du site en aval, par rapport aux biofilms amont. Cette différence de tolérance aux extraits d'échantillonneurs passifs peut s'expliquer par les compositions taxonomiques très différentes selon l'origine du biofilm, elle reflète l'adaptation des communautés par les processus de sélection des espèces et illustre le concept PICT (Blanck et al, 1988.). Nos résultats soulignent des effets des mélange de pesticides marqués sur la croissance du biofilm, la composition diatomique, et sur la tolérance des biofilms naturels aux facteurs auxquels ils sont exposés. Cette étude met en évidence l'utilisation potentielle des extraits d'échantillonneurs passifs, combinés avec des tests de toxicité aiguë, pour l'expérimentation des impacts d'expositions chroniques plus réalistes sur les biofilms naturels, et offre des perspectives d'applications prometteuses pour l'évaluation du risque écologique lié aux pesticides

    Effets de mélanges environnementalement réalistes de pesticides sur des biofilms naturels ayant des historiques d'exposition différents

    No full text
    National audienceLocalisée dans la région viticole du Beaujolais (Est de la France), la Morcille est soumise à une pression viticole forte conduisant à la contamination de la rivière par une gamme d'herbicides et de fongicides. L'objectif de cette étude est d'utiliser des extraits d'échantillonneurs passifs pour mettre en évidence les effets de mélanges réalistes de pesticides sur des biofilms naturels avec des antécédents d'exposition diversifiés. Les impacts chroniques et aigus des pesticides en mélange sur les biofilms ont été évalués à l'aide d'extraits de POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers) préalablement immergés à l'aval du cours d'eau (site le plus contaminé). Leurs effets sur des communautés issues de l'amont (site de référence) et de l'aval (contaminé) ont été étudiés en canaux artificiels, dans lesquels les biofilms ont été placés dans des conditions non contaminées pendant 13 jours, ou exposés à des extraits de POCIS afin de reproduire une pression toxique réaliste (observée in situ). Après 13 jours d'exposition, des impacts significatifs de la contamination ont été observés sur les paramètres liés à la biomasse, à la croissance et à la physiologie des biofilms. Une diminution significative de la densité de diatomées a été observée pour les biofilms exposés, par rapport aux témoins, quelle que soit l'origine du biofilm. Les analyses taxonomiques ont révélé des impacts des mélange de pesticides sur la composition des diatomées, la structure des communautés amont divergeant avec l'exposition ou non (avec des abondances accrues de Nitzschia palea et Eolimna minima pour la modalité contaminée). Les communautés aval, exposées ou non, se sont avérées présenter une composition, soulignant l'importance des processus d'immigration dans la récupération des assemblages de diatomées. Afin d'évaluer la tolérance initiale de biofilms au mélange de pesticides, des tests de toxicité aiguë ont été réalisés en début d'expérience, révélant une tolérance nettement plus élevée des biofilms originaires du site en aval, par rapport aux biofilms amont. Cette différence de tolérance aux extraits d'échantillonneurs passifs peut s'expliquer par les compositions taxonomiques très différentes selon l'origine du biofilm, elle reflète l'adaptation des communautés par les processus de sélection des espèces et illustre le concept PICT (Blanck et al, 1988.). Nos résultats soulignent des effets des mélange de pesticides marqués sur la croissance du biofilm, la composition diatomique, et sur la tolérance des biofilms naturels aux facteurs auxquels ils sont exposés. Cette étude met en évidence l'utilisation potentielle des extraits d'échantillonneurs passifs, combinés avec des tests de toxicité aiguë, pour l'expérimentation des impacts d'expositions chroniques plus réalistes sur les biofilms naturels, et offre des perspectives d'applications prometteuses pour l'évaluation du risque écologique lié aux pesticides

    Utilisation d'extraits d'échantillonneurs passifs pour l'évaluation d'un mélange réaliste de pesticides sur du biofilm naturel

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    International audienceThe objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of passive samplers extracts in order to highlight effects of representative pesticide mixtures on natural biofilm communities. Chronic and acute impacts of pesticides in mixture were evaluated using POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) extracts on natural biofilm communities. Biofilms were exposed to POCIS extracts (PE+) or placed in clean water (PE-) in order to maintain or to model a removal of a toxic pressure in relation with a realistic pesticide mixture directly isolated from the field. After 13 days of exposure, a significant decrease of DW, AFDM and diatoms density on downstream biofilms exposed to PE compared to non exposed biofilms was observed; moreover mean chla amount was lower for biofilms exposed to PE compared to non exposed biofilms. Acute toxicity tests at day 13 revealed a significant higher tolerance for PE+ compared to PE- biofilms. Moreover a decrease of tolerance of downstream biofilms from day 0 to day 13 was observed for both treatments; with 51±13 and 43±2% of inhibition at day 13 compared to 25±3% of inhibition at day 0 in the highest concentration (d0). This global decrease of tolerance to PE with time could be explained by differences between channel and field conditions (light intensity, PE composition different from real river exposure due to POCIS selectivity, pesticides concentrations lower in channels than in river,…) Nevertheless, tolerance of downstream biofilms at day 13 still be much more higher than tolerance of biofilms originated from upstream site (significant inhibition of Fv/Fm for d0, d1, d2 and d3 for upstream biofilms). Our results underline impacts of pesticides in mixture on both growth (DW, AFDM and diatoms density) and community tolerance of a natural biofilm. In the one hand, removing the toxic pressure stimulates global biofilm growth but in the other hand it leads to a decrease of biofilms tolerance. A global decrease of tolerance over time for both treatments was observed; nevertheless without reaching the tolerance levels of upstream biofilms. This study highlights the potential use of passive sampler extracts combined with acute toxicity tests in order to evaluate effects of more realistic pesticide mixtures on natural biofilms communities, and then the future and likely applications of such approaches for ecological risk assessment

    Effets seuls et en mélanges de pesticides et d'un produit de dégradation sur les biofilms fluviaux

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    International audienceThe Morcille River located in the Beaujolais vineyard area (Eastern France) is subjected to strong vine-growing pressure leading to the contamination by a range of herbicides and fungicides of the surrounding freshwater environment. Particularly high concentrations of norflurazon, desmethyl norflurazon and tebuconazole were recorded in spring 2010 at the downstream site of the river. Despite their occurrence in rivers, scarce toxicity data are available for these products, in particular in the case of desmethyl norflurazon (main norflurazon degradation product). Furthermore, the toxicity data are generally available only for single compounds and are issued from single species toxicity tests, leading to a lack of ecological relevance. Consequently, this study was undertaken to evaluate the toxic effects of norflurazon, desmethyl norflurazon and tebuconazole singly and in a ternary mixture on fluvial biofilm. Toxicity tests were performed in microplates for 48 h. Photosynthetic endpointsweremeasured using pulse amplitude-modulated fluorometry; diatom densities and taxonomic composition were determined. After 48 h of exposure, significant effects on optimal quantumyield (Fv/Fm) for desmethyl norflurazon and mixturewere observed

    Effet de mélanges réalistes de pesticides sur des biofilms naturels d'historiques d'exposition différents

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    International audienceThe Morcille River located in the Beaujolais vineyard area (Eastern France), is subjected to strong wine-growing pressure leading to the contamination by a range of herbicides and fungicides of the surrounding fresh water environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of passive samplers extracts in order to highlight effects of representative pesticide mixtures on natural biofilm communities with diverse exposure history. Chronic and acute impacts of pesticides in mixture were evaluated using POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) extracts on natural biofilm communities originated from a pesticide contaminated site (downstream site) or a reference site (upstream site). Biofilms were exposed in an artificial channel system to POCIS extracts (PE) or placed in clean water during 13 days in order to model different levels of toxic pressure in relation with a realistic pesticide mixture directly isolated from the field. After 13 days of exposure, significant impacts of PE treatment on growth related parameters and on physiological endpoints were observed. A significant decrease of diatoms density was observed on biofilms exposed to PE compared to non exposed biofilms undependably of biofilm origin. Moreover DW and AFDM were lower for downstream biofilms exposed to PE compared to non exposed biofilms. Taxonomic analyses revealed impacts of mixture of pesticides on diatom composition. Upstream communities exposed or not to PE presented different diatom composition with higher proportion of Nitzschia palea and Eolimna minima for contaminated treatment. Downstream communities exposed or not to PE showed very similar composition at the end of the experiment highlighting the importance of immigration processes in the recovery of diatom assemblages (Morin et al., 2012). In order to evaluate initial tolerance of biofilms to pesticide mixture; acute toxicity tests were realized before the beginning of the channel experiment. Acute exposures revealed a significant higher tolerance for biofilm originated from downstream site compared to biofilms originated from upstream site. This difference of tolerance to PE was related to very different taxonomic compositions in regards to biofilm origin; it reflects adaptation of communities by species selection processes and is an illustration of the PICT concept (Blanck et al., 1988).Our results underline impacts of mixture of pesticides on growth (DW, AFDM and diatoms density), diatom composition, and community tolerance of natural biofilms. This study highlights the potential use of passive sampler extracts combined with acute toxicity tests and chronic exposure experiment in order to evaluate effects of more realistic pesticide mixtures on natural biofilms communities, and then the future and likely applications of such approaches for ecological risk assessment
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