The burden of cardiovascular disease in Asia from 2025 to 2050: a forecast analysis for East Asia, South Asia, South-East Asia, Central Asia, and high-income Asia Pacific regions.

Summary Background Given the rapidly growing burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Asia, this study forecasts the CVD burden and associated risk factors in Asia from 2025 to 2050. Methods Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study was used to construct regression models predicting prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to CVD and risk factors in Asia in the coming decades. Findings Between 2025 and 2050, crude cardiovascular mortality is expected to rise 91.2% despite a 23.0% decrease in the age-standardised cardiovascular mortality rate (ASMR). Ischaemic heart disease (115 deaths per 100,000 population) and stroke (63 deaths per 100,000 population) will remain leading drivers of ASMR in 2050. Central Asia will have the highest ASMR (676 deaths per 100,000 population), more than three-fold that of Asia overall (186 deaths per 100,000 population), while high-income Asia sub-regions will incur an ASMR of 22 deaths per 100,000 in 2050. High systolic blood pressure will contribute the highest ASMR throughout Asia (105 deaths per 100,000 population), except in Central Asia where high fasting plasma glucose will dominate (546 deaths per 100,000 population). Interpretation This forecast forewarns an almost doubling in crude cardiovascular mortality by 2050 in Asia, with marked heterogeneity across sub-regions. Atherosclerotic diseases will continue to dominate, while high systolic blood pressure will be the leading risk factor. Funding This was supported by the NUHS Seed Fund (NUHSRO/2022/058/RO5+6/Seed-Mar/03), National Medical Research Council Research Training Fellowship (MH 095:003/008-303), National University of Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine's Junior Academic Fellowship Scheme, NUHS Clinician Scientist Program (NCSP2.0/2024/NUHS/NCWS) and the CArdiovascular DiseasE National Collaborative Enterprise (CADENCE) National Clinical Translational Program (MOH-001277-01)

Correlation of the New York Heart Association classification and the cardiopulmonary exercise test:A systematic review

Aims: The New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification is frequently used in the management of heart failure but may be limited by patient and physician subjectivity. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides a potentially more objective measurement of functional status. We aim to study the correlation between NYHA classification and peak oxygen consumption (pVO(2)) on Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) within and across published studies. Methods and results: A systematic literature review on all studies reporting both NYHA class and CPET data was performed, and pVO(2) from CPET was correlated to reported NYHA class within and across eligible studies. 38 studies involving 2645 patients were eligible. Heterogenity was assessed by the Q statistic, which is a chi(2) test and marker of systematic differences between studies. Within each NYHA class, significant heterogeneity in pVO(2) was seen across studies: NYHA I (n = 17, Q = 486.7, p <0.0001), II (n = 24, Q = 381.0, p <0.0001), III (n = 32, Q = 7613, p <0.0001) and IV (n = 5, Q = 12.8, p = 0.012). Significant differences in mean pVO(2) were observed between NYHA I and 11 (23,8 vs 17.6 mL/(kg.min), p <0.0001) and II and III (17.6 vs 13.3 mL/(kg.min), p <0.0001); but not between NYHA III and IV (13.3 vs 12.5 mL(kg.min), p 045). These differences remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, ejection fraction and region of study. Conclusion: There was a general inverse correlation between NYHA class and pVO(2); However, significant heterogeneity in pVO(2) exists across studies within each NYHA class. While the NYHA classification holds clinical value in heart failure management, died comparison across studies may have its limitations. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Grafting of Ring-Opened Cyclopropylamine Thin Films on Silicon (100) Hydride via UV Photoionization

The grafting of cyclopropylamine onto a silicon (100) hydride (Si–H) surface via a ring-opening mechanism using UV photoionization is described here. In brief, radicals generated from the Si–H surface upon UV irradiation were found to behave in classical hydrogen abstraction theory manner by which the distal amine group was first hydrogen abstracted and the radical propagated down to the cyclopropane moiety. This subsequently liberated the strained bonds of the cyclopropane group and initiated the surface grafting process, producing a thin film approximately 10–15 nm in height. Contact angle measurements also showed that such photoionization irradiation had yielded an extremely hydrophilic surface (∼21.3°) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy also confirmed the coupling was through the Si−C linkage. However, when the surface underwent high-temperature hydrosilylation (>160 °C), the reaction proceeded predominantly through the nucleophilic NH₂ group to form a Si–N linkage to the surface. This rendered the surface hydrophobic and hence suggested that the Si–H homolysis model may not be the main process. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first attempt reported in the literature to use photoionization to directly graft cyclopropylamine onto a silicon surface and in due course generate a highly rich NH-terminated surface that was found to be highly bioactive in promoting cell viability on the basis of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide studies

Independent Predictors of Cardiac Mortality and Hospitalization for Heart Failure in a Multi-Ethnic Asian ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Population Treated by Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

10.1038/s41598-019-46486-0SCIENTIFIC REPORTS9

Impact of time of onset of symptom of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction on 1-year rehospitalization for heart failure and mortality

10.1016/j.ahj.2020.03.011AMERICAN HEART JOURNAL2241-