The emergence of environmental homeostasis in complex ecosystems

The Earth, with its core-driven magnetic field, convective mantle, mobile lid tectonics, oceans of liquid water, dynamic climate and abundant life is arguably the most complex system in the known universe. This system has exhibited stability in the sense of, bar a number of notable exceptions, surface temperature remaining within the bounds required for liquid water and so a significant biosphere. Explanations for this range from anthropic principles in which the Earth was essentially lucky, to homeostatic Gaia in which the abiotic and biotic components of the Earth system self-organise into homeostatic states that are robust to a wide range of external perturbations. Here we present results from a conceptual model that demonstrates the emergence of homeostasis as a consequence of the feedback loop operating between life and its environment. Formulating the model in terms of Gaussian processes allows the development of novel computational methods in order to provide solutions. We find that the stability of this system will typically increase then remain constant with an increase in biological diversity and that the number of attractors within the phase space exponentially increases with the number of environmental variables while the probability of the system being in an attractor that lies within prescribed boundaries decreases approximately linearly. We argue that the cybernetic concept of rein control provides insights into how this model system, and potentially any system that is comprised of biological to environmental feedback loops, self-organises into homeostatic states

Tipping points in complex coupled life-environment systems

Simple models of complex phenomena provide powerful insights and suggest low-level mechanistic descriptions. The Earth system arises from the interaction of subsystems with multi-scale temporal and spatial variability; from the microbial to continental scales, operating over the course of days to geological time. System-level homeostasis has been demonstrated in a number of conceptual, artificial life, models which share the advantage of a thorough and transparent analysis. We reintroduce a general model for a coupled life-environment model, concentrating on a minimal set of assumptions, and explore the consequences of interaction between simple life elements and their shared, multidimensional environment. In particular stability, criticality and transitions are of great relevance to understanding the history, and future of the Earth system. The model is shown to share salient features with other abstract systems such as Ashby's Homeostat and Watson and Lovelock's Daisyworld. Our generic description is free to explore high-dimensional, complex environments, and in doing so we show that even a small increase in the environmental complexity gives rise to very complex attractor landscapes which require a much richer conception of critical transitions and hysteresi

Finite range corrections near a Feshbach resonance and their role in the Efimov effect

We have measured the binding energy of $^7$Li Feshbach molecules deep into the non-universal regime by associating free atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate by modulating the magnetic field. We extract the scattering length from these measurements, correcting for non-universal short-range effects using several different methods. We find that field-dependent effective range corrections agree well with the data. With this more precise determination of the scattering length vs. field we reanalyze our previous data on the location of atom loss features produced by the Efimov effect \cite{PollackSci09} and investigate effective range corrections to universal theory.Comment: Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Dynamics and efficiency of a self-propelled, diffusiophoretic swimmer

Active diffusiophoresis - swimming through interaction with a self-generated, neutral, solute gradient - is a paradigm for autonomous motion at the micrometer scale. We study this propulsion mechanism within a linear response theory. Firstly, we consider several aspects relating to the dynamics of the swimming particle. We extend established analytical formulae to describe small swimmers, which interact with their environment on a finite lengthscale. Solute convection is also taken into account. Modeling of the chemical reaction reveals a coupling between the angular distribution of reactivity on the swimmer and the concentration field. This effect, which we term "reaction induced concentration distortion", strongly influences the particle speed. Building on these insights, we employ irreversible, linear thermodynamics to formulate an energy balance. This approach highlights the importance of solute convection for a consistent treatment of the energetics. The efficiency of swimming is calculated numerically and approximated analytically. Finally, we define an efficiency of transport for swimmers which are moving in random directions. It is shown that this efficiency scales as the inverse of the macroscopic distance over which transport is to occur.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figure

Glacial and Sea Level History of Lowther and Griffith Islands, Northwest Territories: A Hint of Tectonics

Lowther and Griffith islands, in the centre of Parry Channel, were overrun by the Laurentide Ice Sheet early in the last glaciation. Northeastward Laurentide ice flow persisted across at least Lowther Island until early Holocene déglaciation. Well constrained postglacial emergence curves for the islands confirm a southward dip of raised shorelines, contrary to the dip expected from the ice load configuration. This and previously reported incongruities may indicate regionally extensive tectonic complications of postglacial rebound aligned with major structural elements in the central Canadian Arctic Islands.Les îles Lowther et Griffith, situées au centre du chenal de Parry, ont été recouvertes par l'Inlandsis laurentidien tôt au cours de la dernière glaciation. Un écoulement glaciaire vers le nord-ouest a persisté à l'île Lowther, tout au moins, jusqu'à la déglaciation au début de l'Holocène. Les courbes d'émersion bien identifiées de l'île confirment une inclinaison des plages soulevées vers le sud, contrairement à l'inclinaison prévue à partir de la configuration de la charge glaciaire. Ce fait ainsi que d'autres anomalies déjà signalées pourraient indiquer des complications d'ordre tectonique à l'échelle régionale au moment du relèvement isostatique postglaciaire correspondant aux principaux éléments structuraux des îles du centre de l'Arctique canadien.Die im Zentrum des Parry-Kanals gelegenen Insein Lowther und Griffith wurden zu Beginn der letzten Vereisung durch die laurentidische Eisdecke bedeckt. Der laurentidische EisfluB in Richtung Nordosten hat zumindest ùber die Insel Lowther hinweg bis zur frùhen Holozan-Enteisung gedauert. Die deutlich erkennbaren postglazialen Auftauchkurven der Insein bestâtigen eine Neigung der angehobenen Kùstenlinien nach Sùden, entgegen der Neigung, die man entsprechend der Eismassenkonfiguration erwartet hàtte. Dies und zuvor schon aufgezeigte Anomalien kônnten auf regional extensive tektonische Komplikationen beim postglazialen isostatischen Rùckprall hinweisen, entsprechend den wichtigsten strukturellen Elementen der Insein im Zentrum der kana-dischen Arktis

Late Quaternary Vegetation History of Northern North America Based on Pollen, Macrofossil, and Faunal Remains

Biome maps spanning the interval from the last glacial maximum to modern times are presented. The biome distributions at 18 ka BP were probably as nearly in equilibrium with climate as are the modern distributions, but deglacial biomes were probably in disequilibrium. Ice sheet configuration was a strong control of climate until 7 ka BP. Regional climate trends can be inferred from changing biome distributions, but during periods of disequilibrium, biome distributions under-represent summer warming. Because of summer cooling by 2-4 °C during the Holocene, largely in the last 3-5 ka, middle and certain early Holocene biome distributions and species compositions are reasonable analogues of future equilibrium displacements due to equivalent warming, at least in areas that were long-since deglaciated. Past biome migration rates in response to rapid regional warming during deglaciation were mainly in the range of 100-200 m per year. If these rates pertain in the future, biomes may shift 10-20 km in most regions over the next century. A major impediment to using former Holocene conditions as a guide to future conditions is that warmer Holocene summers were accompanied by colder winters, whereas warmer future summers will be accompanied by warmer winters.Les cartes des biomes établies entre le dernier maximum glaciaire et les temps modernes sont présentées. La répartition des biomes en 18 ka BP était probablement en équilibre avec le climat comme les distributions modernes, mais les biomes durant la déglaciation étaient probablement en déséquilibre. La configuration de la calotte glaciaire exerçait un fort contrôle sur le climat jusque vers 7 ka BP. Les tendances climatiques régionales peuvent être estimées à partir des changements observés dans la répartition des biomes, mais en période de déséquilibre leur distribution sous-représente le réchauffement estival. À cause du refroidissement estival de 2 à 4 °C durant l’Holocène, depuis les derniers 3 à 5 ka, la distribution des biomes au cours de l’Holocène moyen et inférieur et la composition des espèces sont similaires aux déplacements de l’équilibre futur lié au réchauffement, du moins pour les régions qui sont déglacées depuis longtemps. Les taux de migration des biomes anciens furent de l’ordre de 100 à 200 m par année. Si ces taux se maintiennent dans le futur, les biomes pourraient se déplacer de 10 à 20 km dans la plupart des régions au cours du prochain siècle. L’obstacle majeur à l’utilisation des conditions qui prévalent durant l’Holocène, pour l’estimation des conditions futures, est que les étés chauds sont accompagnés d’hivers froids tandis que les futurs étés chauds seront accompagnés d’hivers chauds

A Case of Keratodermia Blennorrhagica.

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Comparison between Mexican and American Parentese: A Qualitative Case Study

This single case study examines possible cultural implications of the current definition of Parentese, also called caretaker speech, based on the personal accounts of a person who is bilingual in both English and Spanish. This case study was conducted in one interview in order to find possible differences in Parentese with the Spanish language in Mexican culture in contrast to Parentese in the English Language in American culture. The purpose of this study was to find if there were differences between parentese between these cultures, and in which ways they were different. According to the subject’s personal experiences within her culture and languages, there were no significant differences in Parentese between the Spanish language in Mexican culture and the current definitions of Parentese which include English language speakers in American culture. The subject noted that parents within her experiences in her culture play more with their children, and she noted that there are more instances of parents talking to their children

Phase II of the ASCE Benchmark Study on SHM

The task group on structural health monitoring of the Dynamic Committee of ASCE was formed in 1999 at the 12 th Engineering Mechanics Conference. The task group has designed a number of analytical studies on a benchmark structure and there are plans to follow these with an experimental program. The first phase of the analytical studies was completed in 2001. The second phase, initiated in the summer of 2001, was formulated in the light of the experience gained on phase I and focuses on increasing realism in the simulation of the discrepancies between the actual structure and the mathematical model used in the analysis. This paper describes the rational that lead the SHM task group to the definition of phase II and presents the details of the cases that are being considered