22 research outputs found
An Analisis of the CO2 Emission Abatement in Plastic Recycling System Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Methodology: a Case Study of Bandung City, Indonesia
Global warming issue becomes a main issue in sustainable development planning for every country in the world. Indonesia as developing country has commitment to contribute in CO2 abatement with proper development policies. Since May 2008 Indonesia has introduced new law of Solid Waste Management (UU No. 18/2008), the basis of waste management under this law is waste reduction to a landfill as the first priority. The highest waste material compositions in general are organic (50%) and plastic (15%) such as PET, PP, etc. In Indonesia, plastic is common to use as container/packaging. Plastic in Indonesia still using petroleum-based container/packaging and it contributes CO2 emission in the life cycle. Thus, the recycling system on the plastic is significant in order to mitigate CO2 emissions. That is, in this paper, we find the optimal system so as to reduce CO2 emission in the plastic recycling system. The new scenarios on the recycling plastic in transportation sector and manufacturing sector will introduce in this study. In transportation sector, higher truck capacity will introduce to see the effect on CO2 emissions abatement. In manufacturing sector, environmental friendly energy from new renewable energy will introduce to replace conventional energy sector. System Blue Tower (BT) technology through which the environmentally friendly electricity is supplied from municipal organic waste was argued. The proposal of a concrete system would be a CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) project in the near future. This study will model plastic recycling life cycle in Bandung City as a case study
p53, carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19.9 expression in gall bladder cancer, precursor epithelial lesions and xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis
Background : Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the commonest gastrointestinal
cancer in women of north India. Precursor epithelial lesions in GBC are
known; however, the role of xanthogranulomatous (XG) inflammation in
the pathogenesis of GBC is unknown. Aims : To analyze the role of
precursor lesions in the pathogenesis of GBC we studied the
immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of p53, carcino-embryonic antigen
(CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19.9 (CA-19.9) in GBC, chronic
cholecystitis (CC), XG cholecystitis (XGC) and precursor lesions.
Materials and Methods : The study included 51 GBC, 68 CC, 42 XGC and 10
normal gallbladders. All cases were evaluated for presence of precursor
lesions and IHC was performed. Results : p53 immunoreactivity was found
in 55% GBC, 32% of dysplasia with malignancy and in 14% of dysplasia
with CC. Sixteen percent GBC had associated XG inflammation. Normal and
metaplastic epithelium in CC and in XGC did not express p53. CEA
expression was apical in normal and inflammatory GBs (CC, XGC), while
cytoplasmic focal to diffuse positivity was seen in 82% GBC. CA-19.9
expression was seen in all cases of normal and inflammatory GBs;
however, foci of antral metaplasia were negative. Seventy-five percent
of GBC expressed CA-19.9; all negative cases were high-grade on
histology. Conclusions : Altered CEA expression is seen in GBC as
compared to normal and inflammatory gallbladders. Loss of expression of
CA19.9 in antral metaplasia and poorly differentiated GBC may indicate
that it is a marker of biliary differentiation. p53 over-expression
seen in GBC and in dysplasia associated with malignancy and with CC
suggests that p53 mutation and dysplasia are early events in the
evolution of GBC. Epithelial metaplasia and XG inflammation are often
associated with GBC but do not appear to play a role in its
pathogenesis through the p53 pathway
An Immunohistochemical Study of the Expression of Adhesion Molecules in Gallbladder Lesions
We investigated the expression of 10 adhesion molecules (α-catenin, β-cate-nin, γ-catenin, CD44, CD44v6, ICAM-1, CD56, CEA, E-cadherin, and CD99) in 46 gallbladder carcinomas, 14 adenomas, 15 low-grade dysplasias, nine intestinal metaplasias, and 20 samples of normal gallbladder epithelium by immunohistochemistry. The expression of adhesion molecules was altered in gallbladder carcinomas and adenomas. In gallbladder carcinomas, increased expression of ICAM-1, CEA, and CD44v6 was observed, together with decreased expression of α/β/γ-catenin and CD99. In adenomas, aberrant expression of CD44v6 and CD56, as well as reduced expression of α/β/γ- and E-cadherins, was noted. Expression of α/β/γ-catenin was reduced in low-grade dysplasia, whereas there was no change in the expression of these adhesion molecules in metaplasia. Expression of ICAM-1, CD99, E-cadherin, and CD56 was correlated with clinical stage. In addition a correlation was noted between expression of ICAM-1 and E-cadherin and lymph node metastasis (p<0.05). These results suggest that altered expression of these adhesion molecules is involved in the progression and metastasis of gallbladder carcinomas