4,028 research outputs found
Evidence for a Gradual Decline in the Universal Rest-Frame UV Luminosity Density for z < 1
We have utilized various magnitude-limited samples drawn from an extremely
deep and highly complete spectroscopic redshift survey of galaxies observed in
seven colors in the Hawaii Survey Fields and the Hubble Deep Field to
investigate the evolution of the universal rest-frame ultraviolet luminosity
density from z = 1 to the present. The multi-color data (U', B, V, R, I, J,
HK') enable the sample selection to be made in the rest-frame ultraviolet for
the entire redshift range. Due to the large sample size and depth (U_{AB} =
24.75, B_{AB} = 24.75, I_{AB} = 23.5), we are able to accurately determine the
luminosity density to z = 1. We do not confirm the very steep evolution
reported by Lilly et al. (1996) but instead find a shallower slope,
approximately (1+z)^{1.5} for q0 = 0.5, which would imply that galaxy formation
is continuing smoothly to the present time rather than peaking at z = 1. Much
of the present formation is taking place in smaller galaxies. Detailed
comparisons with other recent determinations of the evolution are presented.Comment: 37 pages including 18 figures. Also available at
http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~acowie/uvlum.html To be published in the August,
1999 Astronomical Journal (accepted April 22, 1999
A systematic review of associations between environmental exposures and development of asthma in children aged up to 9 years
Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
The development of multisensory body representation and awareness continues to 10 years of age: evidence from the rubber hand illusion
Recent research using the “rubber hand illusion” shows that the multisensory processes underlying body representations are markedly different in children of 4 to 9 years and adults. In representing the position of their own hand in external space, children of this age rely more on the sight of the hand, and less on its proprioceptively felt position, than adults do. The current study investigated when during later childhood the balance between visual and proprioceptive inputs reaches an adult-like weighting. After inducing the rubber hand illusion in 10- to 13-year-olds, we asked participants to point, with eyes closed, to the perceived position of their hand. We found that pointing responses reached adult levels at 10 to 11 years, showing that at this age children perceive hand location using an adult-like balance of sensory cues. We conclude that the multisensory foundations of the bodily self undergo a protracted period of development through early and mid-childhood, reaching an adult state by 10 to 11 years
The Changing AGN Population
We investigate how the fraction of broad-line sources in the AGN population
changes with X-ray luminosity and redshift. We first construct the rest-frame
hard-energy (2-8 keV) X-ray luminosity function (HXLF) at z=0.1-1 using Chandra
Lockman Hole-Northwest wide-area data, Chandra Deep Field-North 2 Ms data,
other Chandra deep field data, and the ASCA Large Sky Survey data. We find that
broad-line AGNs dominate above 3e43 ergs/s and have a mean luminosity of 1.3e44
ergs/s. Type II AGNs can only become an important component of the X-ray
population at Seyfert-like X-ray luminosities. We then construct z=0.1-0.5 and
z=0.5-1 HXLFs and compare them with both the local HXLF measured from HEAO-1 A2
survey data and the z=1.5-3 HXLF measured from soft-energy (0.5-2 keV) Chandra
and ROSAT data. We find that the number density of >1e44 ergs/s sources
(quasars) steadily declines with decreasing redshift, while the number density
of 1e43-1e44 ergs/s sources peaks at z=0.5-1. Strikingly, however, the number
density of broad-line AGNs remains roughly constant with redshift while their
average luminosities decline at the lower redshifts, showing another example of
cosmic downsizing.Comment: Accepted by The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 5 page
Influence of third-body particles originating from bone void fillers on the wear of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
Calcium sulfate bone void fillers are increasingly being used for dead space management in infected arthroplasty revision surgery. The presence of these materials as loose beads close to the bearing surfaces of joint replacements gives the potential for them to enter the joint becoming trapped between the articulating surfaces; the resulting damage to cobalt chrome counterfaces and the subsequent wear of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene is unknown. In this study, third-body damage to cobalt chrome counterfaces was simulated using particles of the calcium sulfate bone void fillers Stimulan® (Biocomposites Ltd., Keele, UK) and Osteoset® (Wright Medical Technology, TN, USA) using a bespoke rig. Scratches on the cobalt chrome plates were quantified in terms of their density and mean lip height, and the damage caused by the bone void fillers was compared to that caused by particles of SmartSet GMV PMMA bone cement (DePuy Synthes, IN, USA). The surface damage from Stimulan® was below the resolution of the analysis technique used; SmartSet GMV caused 0.19 scratches/mm with a mean lip height of 0.03 µm; Osteoset® led to a significantly higher number (1.62 scratches/mm) of scratches with a higher mean lip height (0.04 µm). Wear tests of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene were carried out in a six-station multi-axial pin on plate reciprocating rig against the damaged plates and compared to negative (highly polished) and positive control plates damaged with a diamond stylus (2 µm lip height). The wear of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene was shown to be similar against the negative control plates and those damaged with third-body particles; there was a significantly higher (p < 0.001) rate of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene wear against the positive control plates. This study showed that bone void fillers of similar composition can cause varying damage to cobalt chrome counterfaces. However, the lip heights of the scratches were not of sufficient magnitude to increase the wear of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene above that of the negative controls
The evolution of mass loaded supernova remnants: II. Temperature dependent mass injection rates
We investigate the evolution of spherically symmetric supernova remnants in which mass loading takes place due to conductively driven evaporation of embedded clouds. Numerical simulations reveal significant differences between the evolution of conductively mass loaded and the ablatively mass loaded remnants studied in Paper I. A main difference is the way in which conductive mass loading is extinguished at fairly early times, once the interior temperature of the remnant falls below ~ 107 K. Thus, at late times remnants that ablatively mass load are dominated by loaded mass and thermal energy, while those that conductively mass load are dominated by swept-up mass and kinetic energy. Simple approximations to the remnant evolution, complementary to those in Paper I, are given
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