Autophagy diminishes the early interferon- ? response to influenza A virus resulting in differential expression of interferon- stimulated genes

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection perturbs metabolic pathways such as autophagy, a stress-induced catabolic pathway that crosstalks with cellular inflammatory responses. However, the impact of autophagy perturbation on IAV gene expression or host cell responses remains disputed. Discrepant results may be a reflection of in vivo studies using cell-specific autophagy-related (Atg) gene-deficient mouse strains, which do not delineate modification of developmental programmes from more proximal effects on inflammatory response. In vitro experiments can be confounded by gene expression divergence in wild-type cultivated cell lines, as compared to those experiencing long-term absence of autophagy. With the goal to investigate cellular processes within cells that are competent or incompetent for autophagy, we generated a novel experimental cell line in which autophagy can be restored by ATG5 protein stabilization in an otherwise Atg5-deficient background. We confirmed that IAV induced autophagosome formation and p62 accumulation in infected cells and demonstrated that perturbation of autophagy did not impact viral infection or replication in ATG5-stablized cells. Notably, the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) by IAV was diminished when cells were autophagy competent. We further demonstrated that, in the absence of ATG5, IAV-induced interferon-β (IFN-β) expression was increased as compared to levels in autophagy-competent lines, a mechanism that was independent of IAV non-structural protein 1. In sum, we report that induction of autophagy by IAV infection reduces ISG expression in infected cells by limiting IFN-β expression, which may benefit viral replication and spread

The molten salt reactor (MSR) in Genration IV: overview ans perspectives

NEA n° 7141International audienc

A branch-and-cut algorithm for the Team Orienteering Problem

The Team Orienteering Problem aims at maximizing the total amount of profit collected by a fleet of vehicles while not exceeding a predefined travel time limit on each vehicle. In the last years, several exact methods based on different mathematical formulations were proposed. In this paper, we present a new two-index formulation with a polynomial number of variables and constraints. This compact formulation, reinforced by connectivity constraints, was solved by means of a branch-and-cut algorithm. The total number of instances solved to optimality is 327 of 387 benchmark instances, 26 more than any previous method. Moreover, 24 not previously solved instances were closed to optimality

First observation of Hα redshifted emission in RR Lyr: Evidence of a supersonic infalling motion of the atmosphere

International audienceContext. The so-called Hα third emission occurs around pulsation phase ϕ = 0.30. It has been observed for the first time in 2011 in some RR Lyrae stars. The emission intensity is very weak, and its profile is a tiny persistent hump in the red side-line profile.Aims. We report the first observation of the Hα third emission in RR Lyr itself (HD 182989), the brightest RR Lyrae star in the sky.Methods. New spectra were collected in 2013−2014 with the AURELIE spectrograph (resolving power R = 22 700, T152, Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France) and in 2016−2017 with the eShel spectrograph (R = 11 000, T035, Observatoire de Chelles, France). In addition, observations obtained in 1997 with the ELODIE spectrograph (R = 42 000, T193, Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France) were reanalyzed.Results. The Hα third emission is clearly detected in the pulsation phase interval ϕ = 0.188−0.407, that is, during about 20% of the period. Its maximum flux with respect to the continuum is about 13%. The presence of this third emission and its strength both seem to depend only marginally on the Blazhko phase. The physical origin of the emission is probably due to the infalling motion of the highest atmospheric layers, which compresses and heats the gas that is located immediately above the rising shock wave. The infalling velocity of the hot compressed region is supersonic, almost 50 km s-1, while the shock velocity may be much lower in these pulsation phases.Conclusions. When the Hα third emission appears, the shock is certainly no longer radiative because its intensity is not sufficient to produce a blueshifted emission component within the Hα profile. At phase ϕ = 0.40, the shock wave is certainly close to its complete dissipation in the atmosphere

The security of smart cards: some obstacles still to be cleared?

Smart cards are being toted as the secure means of payment for the future. But there are still some security and legal issues to resolve. This article evaluates current security methods for smart cards and briefly reviews existing legislation related to their use