Evidence for Supermassive Black Holes in Active Galactic Nuclei from Emission-Line Reverberation

Emission-line variability data for Seyfert 1 galaxies provide strong evidence for the existence of supermassive black holes in the nuclei of these galaxies, and that the line-emitting gas is moving in the gravitational potential of that black hole. The time-delayed response of the emission lines to continuum variations is used to infer the size of the line-emitting region, which is then combined with measurements of the Doppler widths of the variable line components to estimate a virial mass. In the case of the best-studied galaxy, NGC 5548, various emission lines spanning an order of magnitude in distance from the central source show the expected velocity proportional to inverse square root of the distance correlation between distance and line width, and are thus consistent with a single value for the mass. Two other Seyfert galaxies, NGC 7469 and 3C 390.3, show a similar relationship. We compute the ratio of luminosity to mass for these three objects and the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4051 and find that that the gravitational force on the line-emitting gas is much stronger than radiation pressure. These results strongly support the paradigm of gravitationally bound broad emission-line region clouds.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, Accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal Letter

Commodification of Mount Gede Pangrango National Park

Mount Gede Pangrango National Park (TNGGP) is an area of conservation administrator of natural resources and ecosystem located in Bogor, Cianjur, and Sukabumi District, West Java. One of its functions is the development and utilization of environmental service and natural tourism. Commodification of Mount Gede Pangrango was conducted by the government with the intention of increasing country’s income as well as maintaining natural preservation. Concomitant rise of technology and media, especially after the presence of ‘5 cm’ film and social-media activism, mountaineering activity has transformed into a popular activity resulting in a new meaning. Its implication is the emergence of new commodification conducted by several actors behind TNGGP with a capital accumulation motive in the end being to stabilize the new meaning of mountaineering activity. Those actors are private (agencies of mountaineering tourism, volunteer/ranger, product brand), local society, and government – that keep on negotiating and contesting in order to commodify the meaning of mountain and mountaineering activity. Then, what are new commodification forms conducted by those actors? How TNGGP is interpreted by those actors? And what are the kind of negotiation and contestation among them? Those questions will be answered in this article. The hypothesis is that each actor utilized power and access belonging to them in order to accumulate capital, both by commodifying TNGGP and the meaning of mountaineering activity by various ways. Each actor interprets TNGGP differently that has complex connection among them, but they rely on each other, and are profitable at once. This article is conducted by analysis qualitative descriptive method. Data are obtained through interview and engaged observation, including literature study and documentation of portal media.     Keywords: Mount Gede Pangrango National Park, commodification, actor, negotiation, contestatio

Hubungan Karakteristik Individu dengan Kompetensi Wirausaha Petani Rumput Laut di Sulawesi Selatan

Seaweed farmers are those farmers who have seaweeds farming in rural coastal area, as their moyor income. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of relationship between individual characteristics of seaweed farmers and their entrepreneurship or business competence. Data were collected in July to October2006 from the 280 seaweed farmers. Data were analyzed by Kendal Concordance and Tau_b Path analysis and Pearson procedures. The important results of the study were as follows: (1) most of them are young, low educated, family size is sedentary, low family income, low in media utilization and sedentary in experience, motivation and capital, (2) two groups of competence were perceived (competence-importance) showed that the existence of positive correlation or high agreement, (3) Degree of all individual characteristic showed high positive correlation or high agreement for rank ten component of entrepreneur or business competence, (4) Mostly individual characteristic have significant relationship to entrepreneurship competence with existence of indirect and direct influence to some individual characteristics through entrepreneur or business competence and also direct to productions and incomes of seaweed farmer

Pengaruh Tempering pada Baja St 37 yang Mengalami Karburasi dengan Bahan Padat terhadap Sifat Mekanis dan Struktur Mikro

Proses perlakuan panas yang diberikan pada St 37 pada penelitian ini ialah karburasi dengan bahan padat dengan temperatur 900ºC selama 2 jam, dilanjutkan proses quenching dengan media oli setelah itu ditemper pada temperatur 150ºC, 250ºC, 300ºC masing-masing selama 1jam. Kemudian dilakukan proses pengujian mekanis dan struktur mikro untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan panas yang diberikan.Dari hasil pengujian didapatkan bahwa material yang ditemper pada suhu 150ºC memiliki nilai kekuatan tarik tertinggi (su) sebesar 598.53 N/mm² dan nilai kekerasan sebesar 294 HB, sedangkan temperatur tempering 250ºC menghasilkan nilai kekuatan tarik terendah (su) yaitu 542.8 N/mm² serta nilai kekerasan sebesar 254.66 HB.Peningkatan mekanis juga dipengaruhi oleh kadar karbon dalam baja, baja yang mengandung unsur karbon lebih banyak menghasilkan sifat mekanis lebih tinggi.Dari hasil pengamatan metalografi masing-masing benda uji terlihat struktur –struktur ferit, pearlit dan martensit

Comparing the effect of using normal saline, N-acetyl cysteine and not using them in endotracheal tube suction on physiologic parameters and the amount of secretions in intubated patients under mechanical ventilation

Aims: Today a large number of patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit need mechanical ventilation via an artificial air way. Since these patients have endotracheal tube, endotracheal suctioning is necessary for increasing oxygenation, cleaning the airway and keeping it open. But this method consists of various side effects such as increased blood pressure and heart rate and respiratory rate, cyanosis, dizziness and increased intracranial pressure and hypoxia. This study aimed at comparing the effect of using normal saline serum, N-acetyl cysteine and not using them in endotracheal suctioning on physiologic parameters and the amount of secretions in intubated patients under mechanical ventilation. Material & Methods: It was a controlled clinical trial study with random allocation that was performed on 54 intubated patients hospitalized in ICU of health educational centers of Babol Medical Sciences University in 2014. Endotracheal tube suctioning was performed for each patient once without saline, the second time with 3 ml of normal saline and the third time with 2 ml of N-acetyl cysteine. Blood pressure, Heart rate, Respiratory rate, Arterial oxygen saturation were measured and recorded before each stage of suctioning and two and five minutes after that. Amount of secretions was measured after each method of suctioning. Data were analyzed by SPSS16 statistical software, variance analysis with repeated measures, ANOVA and paired t statistical tests. Results: Blood pressure, Heart rate and Respiratory rate were increased after suction in all the three groups, but these changes were higher in the group that received normal saline. Mean decrease of Arterial oxygen saturation was more in the method of receiving normal saline (p<0.05). The amount of secretion was more in the method of receiving N-acetyl cysteine (p=0.004). Conclusions: Endotracheal tube suctioning by using normal saline had more adverse effects on post- suction physiological parameters in compare with the other two methods. Therefore, it is recommended to not use normal saline in endotracheal tube suctioning to the possible extent, and if removing secretions is required, endotracheal N_acetyl cysteine should be used according to the patient's condition