THERMAL INSULATION OF SINGLE LEAF FIRE DOORS, Test results comparison in standard temperature-time fire scenario for different types of doorsets

Fire resistant door assemblies (doors) for pedestrian or industrial traffic with frame, leaf or leaves, rolled or folded curtain etc. are designed for installation in the openings of the building’s vertical internal partitions. The building and its associated equipment shall be designed and made so that in case of fire it ensures the necessary load bearing capacity of the structure for the time specified in national regulations, limitation of fire and smoke propagation within the building, limitation of fire propagation onto the adjacent buildings and evacuation of people, and it provides safety of the rescue teams. The mentioned requirements are not usually considered individually (e.g. ensuring proper evacuation is connected with the structural load bearing capacity, fire and smoke propagation within the building, and rescue team safety), therefore individual elements of buildings can play several roles during a fire.This also refers to the building elements such as doors which are usually required in terms of design and execution to ensure that in case of fire they shall, for a specific period of time prevent its development from the room or a specific zone where the fire started to other rooms or zones, allow evacuation of people by limiting heat radiation, and facilitate rescue team activities. Therefore, fire doors have a major role in the fulfillment of the rules of buildings fire safety.This paper discusses the main issues related to the fire resistance of fire doors (tests methodology and way of classification) and presents a comparison of temperature rises on unexposed surface of fire doors test specimens depending on the type of structure and side of fire exposure. Temperature rises have been compared on unexposed surface of timber, aluminum and steel single leaf doorset which have fulfill the requirements of the EI2 30 fire resistance class, in case of the fire acting from the hinge side and the side opposite to the hinges

FIRE RESISTANCE OF ALUMINIUM GLAZED CURTAIN WALLS, Test results comparison depending on the side of fire exposure

This paper discusses the main issues related to the fire resistance of aluminium glazed curtain walls including the tests methodology and way of classification of this type of building elements. Moreover, the paper presents the comparison of fire resistance test results of large test specimens of curtain walls in full configuration depending on the side of fire exposure. Temperature rises have been compared on unexposed surface of the curtain walls tested for standard and external fire exposure. To made the comparison four test specimens of glazed aluminium curtain walls in full configuration, were tested. Curtain walls had the same transom – mullion structure. Two test specimens were tested for external fire exposure, and two for standard fire exposure. Dimensions of exposed surfaces were 5000 x 4500 mm (width x height) for external fire exposure and 5000 x 4800 mm (width x height) for internal fire exposure

FIRE RESISTANCE TESTS OF ALUMINIUM GLAZED PARTITIONS, Results comparison

This paper discusses the main problems related to the fire resistance of aluminium glazed partitions, including the tests methodology and way of classification of this type of elements. Moreover, the paper presents the comparison of fire resistance test results of glazed partition test specimens, depending on the number of insulation inserts placed inside the aluminium structure profiles. To made the comparison the specimens with the same transom – mullion structure were tested in two configurations and with two filling solutions – with profiles filled only in the middle part and with fully filled profiles

FIRE RESISTANCE GLAZED CONSTRUCTIONS CLASSIFICATION, Changes in the field of application

The most common fire resistance glazed constructions are arguably doors and non – loadbearing walls (partitions, curtain walls, external walls). In 2014 we welcomed revisions of fire resistance testing standards for doors (EN 1634-1) and curtain walls (EN-1364-3), while revision of EN 1364-1 standard for non – loadbearing walls is planned to be implemented by the end of the year 2015. Taking into account the existence of several EXAP’s for all these kind of constructions, selection of test specimen(s) with best possible configuration is getting more significant nowadays. But equally important question appears - how to treat previously performed fire resistance tests?This paper discusses some interpretation concerns regarding fire resistance classifications of aluminium glazed, non – loadbearing constructions in light of rapidly changing regulations. The paper also points out same examples of testing evidence with regard to outlined concerns

Praktyczne problemy i możliwości zastosowania nowych Planów Zadań Ochronnych dla obszarów Natura 2000 w opracowaniach środowiskowych w budownictwie komunikacyjnym

The present paper deals with the basic aspects of Natura 2000 sites and explains the nature of the Plans of Protection Tasks (PZO) that are designed to protect them. The article also contains practical information on main difficulties that must be overcome by experts who develop the PZOs and illustrates how to apply correctly the contents of PZOs in preparing other environmental documentation, such as environmental impact assessment reports for transport infrastructure projects. The paper demonstrates in which manner the information contained in PZOs can be put into practical use while preparing ecological analyses and documentation performed in the field of transport infrastructure engineering.Artykuł określa podstawowe zagadnienia związane z obszarami Natura 2000 oraz wyjaśnia czym są sporządzane na potrzeby ochrony tych terenów – Plany Zadań Ochronnych (PZO). W opracowaniu zawarto również wynikające z praktyki informacje nt. głównych trudności, jakim muszą stawić czoło wykonawcy PZO, a także jak prawidłowo adaptować informacje zawarte w tych dokumentach do innych opracowań środowiskowych jakimi są raporty o oddziaływaniu przedsięwzięć komunikacyjnych na środowisko. W opisie przedstawiono jak praktycznie zastosować zakres merytoryczny Planów Zadań Ochronnych w analizach i opracowaniach środowiskowych wykonywanych w budownictwie komunikacyjnym

Effect of Polypropylene Modification by Impregnation with Oil on Its Wear and Friction Coefficient at Variable Load and Various Friction Rates

Laboratorial two-body wear testing was carried out in order to assess effects of polypropylene modification by impregnating it with oils on friction coefficient and wear in comparison to those parameters of unmodified polypropylene, Teflon, and polyamide during operation under conditions of sliding friction without lubrication. Wear behaviour of the tested specimens was investigated using ASTM G77-98 standard wear test equipment. Recording program made it possible to visualise and record the following parameters: rotational speed and load, linear wear, friction coefficient, temperature of the specimen, and ambient temperature. In addition, wear mechanisms of the analysed materials were determined with use of scanning electron microscopy. In the case of the remaining tested polymers, the most important mechanism of wear was adhesion (PP, PTFE, PA 6.6, and PA MoS2), microcutting (PTFE, PA 6.6, and PA MoS2), fatigue wear (PTFE), forming “roll-shaped particles” combined with plastic deformation (PA 6.6 and PA MoS2), and thermal wear (PP). Impregnation of polypropylene with engine oil, gear oil, or RME results in significant reduction of friction coefficient and thus of friction torque, in relation to not only unmodified polypropylene but also the examined polyamide and Teflon

Novel Improved Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Control of Inverter and Supervisory Energy Management System of a Microgrid

In this paper, energy management and control of a microgrid is developed through supervisor and adaptive neuro-fuzzy wavelet-based control controllers considering real weather patterns and load variations. The supervisory control is applied to the entire microgrid using lower-top level arrangements. The top-level generates the control signals considering the weather data patterns and load conditions, while the lower level controls the energy sources and power converters. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy wavelet-based controller is applied to the inverter. The new proposed wavelet-based controller improves the operation of the proposed microgrid as a result of the excellent localized characteristics of the wavelets. Simulations and comparison with other existing intelligent controllers, such as neuro-fuzzy controllers and fuzzy logic controllers, and classical PID controllers are used to present the improvements of the microgrid in terms of the power transfer, inverter output efficiency, load voltage frequency, and dynamic response