Priming third-party social exclusion does not elicit children's inclusion of out-group members

This study investigates how culture and priming 3- to 7-year-old children (N = 186) with third-party social exclusion affects their subsequent inclusion of out-group members. Children in societies that tend to value social independence (Germany, New Zealand) and interdependence (Northern Cyprus) were randomly assigned to minimal groups. Next, they watched video stimuli depicting third-party social exclusion (exclusion condition) or neutral content (control condition). We assessed children's recognition of the social exclusion expressed in the priming videos and their understanding of the emotional consequences thereof. We furthermore assessed children's inclusion behaviour in a ball-tossing game in which participants could include an out-group agent into an in-group interplay. Children across societies detected third-party social exclusion and ascribed lower mood to excluded than non-excluded protagonists. Children from Germany and New Zealand were more likely to include the out-group agent into the in-group interaction than children from Northern Cyprus. Children's social inclusion remained unaffected by their exposure to third-party social exclusion primes. These results suggest that children from diverse societies recognize social exclusion and correctly forecast its negative emotional consequences, but raise doubt on the notion that social exclusion exposure affects subsequent social inclusion

Archaeogenetic analysis of Neolithic sheep from Anatolia suggests a complex demographic history since domestication

Sheep were among the first domesticated animals, but their demographic history is little understood. Here we analyzed nuclear polymorphism and mitochondrial data (mtDNA) from ancient central and west Anatolian sheep dating from Epipaleolithic to late Neolithic, comparatively with modern-day breeds and central Asian Neolithic/Bronze Age sheep (OBI). Analyzing ancient nuclear data, we found that Anatolian Neolithic sheep (ANS) are genetically closest to present-day European breeds relative to Asian breeds, a conclusion supported by mtDNA haplogroup frequencies. In contrast, OBI showed higher genetic affinity to present-day Asian breeds. These results suggest that the east-west genetic structure observed in present-day breeds had already emerged by 6000 BCE, hinting at multiple sheep domestication episodes or early wild introgression in southwest Asia. Furthermore, we found that ANS are genetically distinct from all modern breeds. Our results suggest that European and Anatolian domestic sheep gene pools have been strongly remolded since the Neolithic

The relationship between physical restraint and the diagnosis and drug use in the patients receiving inpatient treatment in a child and adolescent psychiatry clinic [Bir çocuk ve ergen psikiyatrisi kliniğinde yatarak tedavi gören hastalarda fiziksel tespitin tanı ve ilaç kullanımı ile ilişkisi]

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the characteristics such as the diagnosis and medication of the physically restrained patients in our inpatient unit, which is one of the few inpatient units for children and adolescents in Turkey, and the effect of the physical restraint on the treatment of them. Methods: The medical records of 102 inpatients treated in our mental health hospital during the year 2016 had been retrospectively reviewed. Patients who were restrained at least once during the hospitalization period were compared with patients who were not, in terms of diagnosis, medication, presence of comorbidity, duration of hospitalization and the way of discharge. Results: Comparing the groups that were restrained and not restrained, it was found that multiple drug use was more common in the restrained group. The use of antipsychotics, anxiolytics and mood stabilizer drugs and haloperidol-biperiden injections were found to be significantly higher in the restrained group. The rate of multiple psychiatric diagnoses was significantly higher and major depression, conduct disorder, bipolar disorder and self-injurious behaviors were more frequent in the restrained group. Although the duration of hospitalization for both groups was similar, discharge with the request of the family or caregivers before the end of treatment was more frequent in the restrained group. Clinical global improvement scores were lower in the restrained group. Discussion: There are many differences in terms of diagnosis, medication and the way of discharge between the restrained and non-restrained groups. More strategies are needed to reduce the restriction rates. (Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 2019; 20(5):530-538). © 2019, Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine. All rights reserved