Transgender Children's Right to Non-discrimination in Schools: The Case of Changing-room Facilities

Transgender people’s access to gender-binary facilities has recently become hotly debated. Those opposed argue that giving transgender people access to facilities corresponding to their gender identity creates a safety risk and discomforts others. This article addresses this controversy from the transgender children’s perspectives as reported by their parents. The findings on the arrangement of transgender children’s access to changing rooms in Norwegian schools show to what extent ways of accommodating transgender children’s use of changing and shower facilities at Norwegian schools accord with the right to non-discrimination. It is argued that the gender-binary organisation of facilities and the lack of private curtains in schools create inequality and exclude transgender children.acceptedVersio

Feeding Ecology of Harbour Seals (Phoca vitulina) in Southern Norway

Master's thesis Aquatic Ecology BIO500 - University of Agder 2017In order to understand ecosystem dynamics and functions it is vital to have knowledge about relationships between predator and prey. Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) are piscivorous marine mammals found at or near the top of marine food webs. Being mainly piscivores, harbour seals have the potential to come into conflict with fishermen and fisheries. Recently, as the Skagerrak and Kattegat population of harbour seals has increased, claims that seals are depleting the cod population have surfaced. Using scat sampling and otolith identification, harbour seal diet was estimated in four separate locations along the coast of southern Norway (Kragerø, Risør, Tvedestrand and Fevik). This is the first time harbour seal diet has been estimated in this area. The results showed that seal diet was overall varied and included 20 different species and species groups. The most important prey groups were gadids and flatfish. There were regional differences mainly between Fevik and the other locations: Fevik showing a lower species richness. It was possible to divide results from Tvedestrand into two seasons (winter/spring and summer/autumn). Both species richness and diet composition changed between seasons at this location. Fish length and weight estimates showed that seals generally prefer small fish below the smallest allowed catch size. This suggests that harbour seals do not compete on a large scale with local fisheries

Between Heaven and Hell: The role of the clergy in the witchcraft prosecutions in Finnmark, 1620-1692

This dissertation investigates the role of the clergymen in Finnmark in the witchcraft prosecutions that took place in the region from 1620–1692. The dissertation builds on a large amount of primary evidence from both judicial and ecclesiastical archives. The topic is approached through a qualitative critical contextual reading of the sources, this strong basis in the sources enables an investigation into the role of the clergy both inside and outside of the prosecutions. The dissertation argues that the clergy had two roles, one was clearly religious and was concerned with the salvation of the sentenced person’s soul. The other was of a more secular nature and was concerned with interrogating and questioning of the accused, but both these roles experienced development and nuance throughout the period. These two roles were not fulfilled by all the clergymen, as the study has found that there was a somewhat frequent deviation between normative regulation and praxis among the clergymen in Finnmark. This difference between norm and praxis is also evident in the clergy’s role in the prosecutions, as this dissertation nuances the established view that the clergymen acted as a united group in demonizing popular culture. The study has found that only a minority of the clergymen in Finnmark had attended university in the seventeenth century, this resulted in a hybrid understanding of witchcraft among the clergymen that accepted elements of both diabolism and maleficium. In addition, the clergy had a heterogenous approach to witchcraft, some clergymen never prosecuted rumoured witches, others gave impetus to the trials, and some attempted to punish the witches through alternative methods such as church discipline. The argument that the clergymen involved themselves in the trials in their role as state officials is also nuanced, although the self-regulatory relationship between priest and parishioners disappeared during the prosecutions, there is clear evidence that some clergymen had personal incentives when they involved themselves in the prosecutions

A Property Rights Enforcement and Pricing Model for IIoT Data Marketplaces

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :공과대학 협동과정 기술경영·경제·정책전공,2019. 8. Jörn Altmann.The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has become a valuable data source for products and services based on advanced data analytics. However, evidence suggests that industries are suffering a significant loss of value creation from insufficient IIoT data sharing. We argue that the limited utilization of the Sensing as a Service business model is caused by the economic and technological characteristics of sensor data, and the corresponding absence of applicable digital rights management models. Therefore, we propose a combined property rights enforcement and pricing model to solve the IIoT data sharing incentive problem.산업용 사물 인터넷 (IIoT) 데이터가 제품과 서비스를 위한 중요한 고급 데이터 소스로 여겨지고 있지만, 여전히 수 많은 기업들은 불충분한 산업용 사물 인터넷 데이터 공유 시스템으로 인하여 고충을 겪고 있다. 방대한 분량의 산업용 데이터가 제대로 거래되지 못하고 있으며, 이는 데이터의 커다란 가치 손실로 이어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 서비스로서의 센싱 (Sensing as a Service) 비지니스 모델이 한정적으로 적용되고 있는 원인이 해당 정보의 경제적, 기술적 특징들을 반영하는 디지털 권리 시스템의 부재에 기인한다고 보고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 산업용 사물 인터넷 데이터에 대한 지적재산권 집행 시스템과 데이터 가격산정 모델을 제안하여 산업용 사물 인터넷 데이터 공유 인센티브 문제를 해결하고자 한다.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem Description 6 1.3 Research Objective and Question 8 1.4 Methodology 8 1.5 Contributions 9 1.6 Structure 10 2 Literature Review 11 2.1 Sensing as a Service 11 2.2 Economic Characteristics of IIoT Data 14 2.2.1 Property Rights of Data 18 2.2.2 Licensing of IIoT Data 23 2.3 IIoT Data Marketplaces 25 2.3.1 Use-cases and Value Propositions 30 2.3.2 Market Structures and Pricing Models 34 2.4 Digital Rights Management for IIoT 36 3 Model 44 3.1 Assumptions 45 3.2 Watermarking Technique 47 3.2.1 Function 48 3.2.2 Example 50 3.2.3 Robustness 51 3.3 Economic Reasoning 54 3.3.1 The Quality Gap 55 3.3.2 Cost of Watermarking (CoW) 57 3.3.3 Cost of Attacking (CoA) 58 4 Analytical Analysis 60 4.1 Equilibrium Between CoW and CoA 60 4.2 Determining the Optimal Quality Gap 62 4.3 Applicability of the Quality Gap Function 64 5 Conclusion 66 5.1 Summary 66 5.2 Discussion 66 6 Limitations and Future Research 68 References 70 Abstract (Korean) 79Maste

The relationship between lab-sprint results and match physical performance in professional male soccer players

Aim: This research study aims to examine the relationship between lab-sprint performance and match physical performance in professional male soccer players. Methods: Eleven professional male soccer players (25.5 ± 3.4 years, 183.8 ± 5 cm, and 78.3 ± 4.9 kg) competing in the second-highest division in Norway participated in this research study. Sprinting performance was assessed by the players performing 30-m linear sprints at an indoor location using dual-beamed photocells, whereas match physical performance was monitored using a 10Hz GNSS device embedded with a 100Hz inertial movement unit (Catapult Vector S7) during seven official matches. Selected match play variables included total playing time, total duration, total distance, meters covered per minute, distance covered by high-speed running (19.8-25.2 km/h), distance covered by sprinting (>25.2 km/h), and maximal velocity (m/s). Results: Moderate evidence was observed for the association between 5-m lab-sprint performance and distance covered by high-speed running (BF10=4.9). Anecdotal evidence was observed for the association between 10-m, 15-m, 20-m, and 25-m lab-sprint performance and distance covered by high-speed running (BF10=1.00-2.18). Similarly, anecdotal evidence was reported for the association between 10-m lab-sprint performance and peak speed during match play (BF10=1.04), and peak lab-sprint speed and peak match play speed (BF10=2.04). Conclusion: The majority of the lab-sprint performance parameters did not show more than anecdotal evidence for associations with match physical performance. Thus, the 30-m lab-sprint test used in this research study did not reflect the players' physical abilities during match play. Keywords: Elite football players, laboratory testing, sprint capacity, player monitoring, match play performance, high-speed actions

The Norwegian petroleum tax act : is the Norwegian petroleum tax act neutral to investment decisions and treatment of companies with respect to tax position?

This thesis evaluates the neutrality of the Norwegian Petroleum Tax Act (PTA) in light of theories on neutral taxation by Boadway & Bruce (1984), Fane (1987) and Sandmo (1989). More specific, we investigate if there is neutral fiscal treatment of equity based capital investments in the onshore and offshore tax regimes and furthermore if decisions offshore are affected by tax position. Relevant research is presented and applied in a descriptive analysis of the current fiscal system offshore to reveal systemic distortive properties. Our analysis show that companies in theory should be indifferent to the distribution of tax allowances. Furthermore, we find that the petroleum tax act is not in accordance with theory regarding how normal returns are shielded from special tax. Our analysis will illustrate if the favourable tax allowances offshore are proportional with the high marginal tax rate, thus making it neutral to onshore investments. According to theory and systemic features in the PTA and the regulatory system, companies should value tax allowances as risk free cash flows. Company behaviour tells us otherwise, which may imply that the authorities make wrong assumptions about company behaviour under uncertainty. It could also imply that companies are not differentiating between risky and risk free cash flow due to valuation methods applied offshore. This is also supported by theory. To analyse both perspectives in regards to neutral taxation, a deterministic discounted cash flow model is applied and compared to a study by Lund (2012). According to theory and the authorities’ perspective, our findings suggest neutral treatment with respect to tax position and investment incentives offshore due to favourable tax allowances. From the industry’s perspective, where risky and risk free cash flows are not differentiated, the industry is likely to perceive a favouring of companies in tax position. Investment incentives between offshore or onshore are dependent on the discount rate employed, and our findings are inconclusive

Treatment Satisfaction and Recovery in Saami and Norwegian Patients Following Psychiatric Hospital Treatment: a Comparative Study

Artikkel som sammenlikner tilfredshet med behandling og bedring hos samiske og norske pasienter i psykiatrisk sykehus.Treatment, treatment satisfaction and recovery in Saami and Norwegian patients treated in a psychiatric hospital were compared. Although half of the Saami patients preferred to speak Saami with their therapists, only one patient did. The extensive use of traditional helpers was only partly recognized. Despite no differences in type and amount of treatment or symptom-change during the hospital stay, the Saami patients showed less satisfaction with all investigated treatment parameters including contact with staff, treatment alliance, information and global treatment satisfaction. There was less agreement between the ratings of the therapists and the Saami patients. Suggestions for improvements are made.Sametinget; Universitetssykehuset Nord-Norg

Should traditional healing be integrated within the mental health services in Sámi areas of northern Norway?: patient views and related factors

Artikkel som diskuterer integrering av tradisjonell helbredelse i psykisk helsevern i samiske områder i Nord-Norge.OBJECTIVES: the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether including traditional healing methods within mental health services is desirable among users of these services in Sámi areas of northern Norway. STUDY DESIGN: a cross-sectional questionnaire based survey among users of the mental health services in Finnmark and Nord-Troms Norway. METHODS: the percentages of participants desiring traditional healing modalities within the health services were calculated, and univariate and multivariate analysis were performed with respect to factors associated with a desire for integration. RESULTS: a total of 186 users responded to the survey, of which 72 reported some degree of Sámi cultural affiliation. Forty-eight had Sámi-speaking grandparents on both sides of the family. The desire for the integration of traditional healing was high among all with a Sámi cultural background. Eighty-one percent of those with Sámi speaking grandparents on both sides of the family desired such an integration. In a regression analysis, both Sámi affiliation and having used traditional healing forms were significantly associated with a desire for the integration of traditional healing within mental health services. CONCLUSIONS: the integration of traditional healing methods within health services has been suggested both by the World Health Organization and is used in some of the services to Indigenous populations in Western countries. This study shows that such integration is desirable among Sámi users of mental health services in Norway

Ethnic discrimination and psychological distress: a study of Sami and non-Sami populations in Norway

Vitenskapelig artikkel som omhandler sammenhengen mellom etnisk diskriminering, psykisk stress og mental helse.The prevalence of psychological distress and its association with ethnic discrimination was examined among 13,703 participants (36 to 79 years of age) in a population-based study of health and living conditions in areas with indigenous Sami, Kven (descendants of Finnish immigrants), and Ethnic Norwegian populations (the SAMINOR study). Sami and Kven males reported greater levels of stress than Ethnic Norwegians. Ethnic discrimination was strongly associated with elevated levels of psychological distress. Results suggest that ethnic discrimination is a major potential risk factor for poor mental health, and may contribute to ethnicity-related differences in mental health between Sami and non-Sami populations