23 research outputs found

    The Association Between High Birth Weight and Long-Term Outcomes—Implications for Assisted Reproductive Technologies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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    Background: Studies have shown that the prevalence of children born with high birth weight or large for gestational age (LGA) is increasing. This is true for spontaneous pregnancies; however, children born after frozen embryo transfer (FET) as part of assisted reproductive technology (ART) also have an elevated risk. In recent years, the practice of FET has increased rapidly and while the perinatal and obstetric risks are well-studied, less is known about the long-term health consequences.Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to describe the association between high birth weight and LGA on long-term child outcomes.Data Sources: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched up to January 2021. Exposure included high birth weight and LGA. Long-term outcome variables included malignancies, psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.Study Selection: Original studies published in English or Scandinavian languages were included. Studies with a control group were included while studies published as abstracts and case reports were excluded.Data Extraction: The methodological quality, in terms of risk of bias, was assessed by pairs of reviewers. Robins-I (www.methods.cochrane.org) was used for risk of bias assessment in original articles. For systematic reviews, AMSTAR (www.amstar.ca) was used. For certainty of evidence, we used the GRADE system. The systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines. When possible, meta-analyses were performed.Results: The search included 11,767 articles out of which 173 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis, while 63 were included in quantitative synthesis (meta-analyses). High birth weight and/or LGA was associated with low to moderately elevated risks for certain malignancies in childhood, breast cancer, several psychiatric disorders, hypertension in childhood, and type 1 and 2 diabetes.Conclusions: Although the increased risks for adverse outcome in offspring associated with high birth weight and LGA represent serious health effects in childhood and in adulthood, the size of these effects seems moderate. The identified risk association should, however, be taken into account in decisions concerning fresh and frozen ART cycles and is of general importance in view of the increasing prevalence in high birthweight babies

    ”Att göra sina uppgifter, vara tyst och lĂ€mna in i tid” : Om elevansvar i det högmoderna samhĂ€llet

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    The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyse pupils’ and teachers’ views on pupils’ responsibility for their schoolwork and how this relates to a more comprehensive ideology of school and today’s high modern society. The analysis is inspired by Anthony Giddens’ structuration theory and the concepts of discursive consciousness, practical consciousness, rules, routines and resources. At school level pupils’ and teachers’ views of pupils’ responsibility is shown in their practical and discursive consciousness. To capture this consciousness, observations were made during fifteen lessons in school year 9 (15-16 years of age). These lessons - “study times” - were introduced to increase freedom of choice, flexibility and responsibility. Sixty-eight pupils and twenty-two teachers were interviewed. The ideology expressed in pupils’ and teachers’ views on pupils’ responsibility was related to the official school ideology expressed in the national curriculum. Finally, an analysis was carried out inspired by Anthony Giddens’ and Ulrich Beck®s concepts used in their descriptions of the high modern society, individualism and value-relativism. The results showed a discursive consensus between teachers and pupils concerning their views pupils’ responsibility for their schoolwork. The meaning of responsibility was taken for granted and implied doing the school tasks and to complete them in time. Both teachers and pupils expressed that many pupils’ have difficulties in taking this responsibility. A discrepancy between the pupils’ discursive and practical consciousness was found. Rules and routines were created by the teachers to control the freedom of space offered during the “study times”. The pupils legitimated the teachers’ controlling function but in practice they offer resistance against the demand for responsibility. The overall analysis identified three issues that are important for further discussions in research and educational practice. Responsibility and learning: Responsibility was observed as a part of a “culture of doing” separated from learning as such. Also, responsibility was linked to individual work. The freedom offered during the “study times” was used by both pupils, and teachers, to build relationships. This means that relationships were not created through work but rather despite it. Responsibility and the view of the pupils’: In pupils’ and teachers’ view of responsibility pupils were easy going, ruled by lust and/or responsible but not always according to the conditions stipulated by the school. The pupils were offered a freedom to choose but they were also held responsible for the consequences. While they could make the choice not to work, this would influence the evaluation of the achievements, and in reality make it a “non-choice”. The freedom was limited and conditioned. Responsibility as a democratic principle: The connection between responsibility and pupil participation expressed in the national curriculum was not to be found in pupils’ and teachers’ views of responsibility. While the pupils were offered participation in relation to which assignments to choose to work with during the “study times”. They were not invited to shape the rules and the routines for the schoolwork or to have influence on the contents of the work or the working environment. The pupils’ did not ask for more participation, but rather feared it would lead to chaos. The separation between participation and responsibility indicated in the study is suggested to weaken the idea of responsibility as one of the democratic principles. In conclusion: The view of pupils’ responsibility for their schoolwork was built upon an individualistic ideology. known from Giddens and Becks description of high modernity. In contrast to their description, however my results show no signs of value-relativis

    Learning in intensive care under Covid-19 : A qualitative interview study

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    Under vĂ„ren 2020 drabbades Region Stockholm av en pandemi som gick under namnet Covid-19, med ett kraftigt ökat inflöde av patienter. Ett av det större sjukhuset utökade sina vĂ„rdplatser inom intensivvĂ„rden med flera hundra, och personal inom sjukhuset omplacerades för att möta upp behovet av intensivvĂ„rdsplatser. Samtidigt aktiverades ett krisavtal som reglerade anstĂ€llningsvillkoren med utökad veckoarbetstid. Studier har visat att sjukvĂ„rdspersonal som arbetat under Covid-19 har utsatts för arbetsrelaterad stress med fysisk och psykisk utmattning. Att arbeta som intensivvĂ„rdssjuksköterska krĂ€ver specialistutbildning för att vĂ„rda patienter i en komplex högteknologisk miljö, och för patienten Ă€r ett interprofessionellt samarbete en förutsĂ€ttning för en god och sĂ€ker vĂ„rd. Denna studie syftar till att bidra med kunskap om hur sjuksköterskor utan formell kompetens och erfarenhet av intensivvĂ„rd lĂ€rde sig arbetet inom intensivvĂ„rden under Covid-19. Totalt tio anestesisjuksköterskor, operationssjuksköterskor och grundutbildade sjuksköterskor deltog i studien och berĂ€ttade om sina upplevelser av hur de lĂ€rde sig arbetet i ett socialt sammanhang och hur det pĂ„verkade deras lĂ€rande. Studien utgĂ„r frĂ„n Wengers sociala teori ’Communities of Practice’ med delar som praktik, gemenskap, mening och identitet. Resultatet har efter analys av  insamlade empirin gett fyra huvudteman med underteman som diskuteras i ljuset av teorin, och i ett bredare perspektiv diskuteras relevansen av arbetet.In the spring of 2020, the Stockholm Region was hit by a pandemic known as Covid-19, with asharp increase in the number of patients. One of the larger hospitals expanded its intensive careunits by several hundred, and staff within the hospital were relocated to meet the need forintensive care units. At the same time, a crisis agreement was activated which regulated theterms of employment with extended weekly working hours. Studies have shown that healthcareprofessionals working under Covid-19 have been exposed to work-related stress with physicaland mental exhaustion. Working as an intensive care nurse requires specialist training to carefor patients in a complex high-tech environment, and for the patient, interprofessionalcollaboration is a prerequisite for good and safe care. This study aims to contribute knowledgeabout how nurses without formal competence and experience of intensive care learned the workin intensive care during Covid-19. A total of ten anesthesia nurses, surgical nurses andundergraduate nurses participated in the study and told about their experiences of how theylearned the work in a social context and how it affected their learning. The study is based onWenger's social theory of ‘Communities of Practice’ with elements such as practice,community, meaning and identity. After analyzing the collected empirical data, the results havegiven four main themes with sub-themes that are discussed in the light of the theory, and in abroader perspective, the relevance of the work is discussed

    The nurse and death : a qualitative literature-based study, about nurses’ experiences of caring in end-of-life

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    Background: Nurses continuously meets and cares for dying patients, which can be perceived as both rewarding and stressful. To manage death and dying patients adequately, nurses need to reflect on what death means and her/his own perception of death and dying. Research showed that many nurses felt that they had a lack of knowledge and practical skills regarding end of life care. Objective: The purpose of this study was to illuminate nurses’ experiences of caring for patients in end-of-life care. Method: A literature-based study was used, based on analysis of qualitative data. Thirteen articles were analysed according to Friberg®s five-step model. The analysis resulted in four themes and eight subthemes. Results: Four main themes emerged from the analysis: 1) Deficient environment and organization 2) Deficient knowledge and practical skills 3) Support is an important factor 4) Response to end-of-life care. Conslusion: Education and training in end-of-life care was important. This should be implemented more, both in nursing education and in clinical practice. Support from management and colleagues was highly valued by nurses and should occur to a greater extent, as a way of preventing negative effects, such as burnout, and as a way of improving the care of dying patients and their relatives

    Capturing the proven experience through action learning. The systematic work of developing quality in Swedish leisure-time centres

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    The aim of this article is to discuss the requirement of the Swedish Educational Act that says that the activities of school and leisure-time centres should be based on (soft) science and proven experience. The discussion is carried out through illustrations from a collaborative action learning project that took place between researchers and leisure-time teachers with the overall aim to strengthen evidence-based knowledge about leisure-time teachers and to clarify their proven experience. The combination of pupils’ proven experiences and the leisure-time teachers’ reflective and researching approach proved to be the best route to follow in increasing the quality of the leisure-time centres. The leisure-time centres involved, to a greater extent than before the project, are now built upon a scientific approach as well as the proven experiences of both the pupils and the leisure-time teachers. The project underlines the well-known facts that developmental work needs stability and continuity to lay the foundation for sustainable change and that changes need to be a clear part of the schools’ development organization

    Den svĂ„ra konsten att förbĂ€ttra elevernas lĂ€rmiljö : Rapport frĂ„n en utvĂ€rdering av KunnskapslĂžftet – fra ord till handling

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    In this article we will present results from our ongoing evaluation of the central government program “The Knowledge Promotion Reform – from word to deed”. The aim of the program is to develop schools as organisations with the purpose of improving the learning environment in order to increase students’ social and intellectual development.  Schools apply to the program on their own initiative (open application) or after encouragement and guidance according to needs (guided application).     An important feature of the programme is the reliance of a cooperation model that involves three parties: one or more schools, school owners and external competence partners. On the basis of qualitative interviews with teachers, headmasters, school owners and external competence partners in two case projects involving several schools, we present findings of the effect of the program on schools improvement capacity and project targets. The schools’ initial improvement capacity and the kind of development support they receive are central groups of factors that influence the outcomes. For concepts and identification of relevant factors, we rely on the school development literature (for e.g. Ekholm, 1989; Hopkins, 2009; Miles, 1965a). Furthermore we use our qualitative interviews to distinguish between various forms/roles of external support and develop concepts that may increase our understanding of how external support affect the school, particularly the role of the external competence partners. Tentatively we argue that goal-directed strategies intended to change activities directly related to pupils’ learning may lead to better results than means-directed strategies where the link to pupil-related activities is less clear

    Utbildningspraktik möter ledarpraktik : Tre Är i Rektorsprogrammet

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    Under tre Ă„r har vi följt sju rektorer och deras skolor samtidigt som rektorerna deltagit i Rektorsprogrammet pĂ„ Karlstads universitet.  Ett övergripande syfte har varit att studera eventuella kopplingar mellan utbildningens form och innehĂ„ll och rektorernas sĂ€tt att ta sig an uppdraget som rektor pĂ„ den egna skolan. Att utbildningen förvĂ€ntas ha en positiv pĂ„verkan pĂ„ skolans ledarskap Ă€r en sjĂ€lvklarhet, varför skulle sĂ„ mycket kraft och resurser annars satsas pĂ„ Rektorsprogrammet? Och visst visar vĂ„ra resultat att rektorerna anser att utbildningen Ă€r viktig och lĂ€rorik. De anser sig erövra en del nya kunskaper som leder till nya tanker och idĂ©er. MĂ„nga anser sig bli tryggare i sin roll. De anser sig mĂ„nga gĂ„nger bli bekrĂ€ftade i att de handlar och tĂ€nker klokt. Men undersökningen visar samtidigt att Rektorsprogrammets har lika svĂ„rt att pĂ„verka praktiken som vilken annan utbildning som helst. Det Ă€r svĂ„rt att koppla ny kunskap till konkreta handlingar och att tĂ€nka utanför den egna boxen. Det Ă€r ocksĂ„ svĂ„rt att dra slutsatser i handling mellan de krav och förvĂ€ntningar som kursdeltagarna stĂ€ller pĂ„ personalen i den verksamhet de leder och de krav och förvĂ€ntningar de stĂ€ller pĂ„ sig sjĂ€lva och sina kurskamrater under rektorsutbildningen. Det Ă€r tydligt att flera rektorer i utbildningen agerar mer utifrĂ„n bilden av ”den motvilliga studenten” vars frĂ€msta krav Ă€r att fĂ„ tydliga informationer om vad som ska examineras och hur detta ska gĂ„ till Ă€n som en (skol)ledare som Ă€r beredd att stĂ„ pĂ„ barrikaderna för att tillsammans med kursens lĂ€rare utforska och testa vad som finns att lĂ€ra om uppdraget som rektor. Tydligast kanske detta visar sig i rektorernas beskrivning av hur de tar tillvara möjligheten till inflytande under utbildningen.   Rapporten vĂ€nder sig till alla som pĂ„ nĂ„got sĂ€tt Ă€r involverade i Rektorsprogrammet sĂ„ det har varit viktigt att lyfta frĂ„gor som kan ge underlag för reflektion över hur utbildningens form och innehĂ„ll kan förbĂ€ttras för att möta och utmana de rektorer som ska utbildas. Det Ă€r viktigt att först slĂ„ fast att utbildningens övergripande form och innehĂ„ll uppskattas av rektorerna. LĂ€rgruppsarbetet möjliggör till exempel ett nĂ€ra samarbete med en mindre grupp kolleger och uppgifterna, förelĂ€sningarna och litteraturen upplevs förankrade i den egna verksamheten. MEN bĂ„de form och innehĂ„ll tycks lĂ€mna rektorerna med en splittrad bild av rektorsuppdraget och de har svĂ„rt att uppfatta att det finns teoretiska antaganden bĂ„de om lĂ€rande och undervisning, om skola och skolutveckling och om skolledarskap som kan fördjupa förstĂ„elsen av utbildningens form och innehĂ„ll och i förlĂ€ngningen ocksĂ„ uppdraget som rektor. Valet att organisera kursdeltagarna i lĂ€rgrupper som hĂ„ller ihop genom hela utbildningen och som Ă€r sammansatta med utgĂ„ngspunkt i olikheter bygger till exempel pĂ„ teoretiska antaganden om lĂ€rande och undervisning. Brist pĂ„ medvetenhet om dessa antaganden leder ofta till att rektorerna, nĂ€r de organiserar lĂ€rare pĂ„ den egna skolan i liknande grupper, lĂ€tt ger upp och om de möter motstĂ„nd. Om det inte finns nĂ„gon teoretisk förankring i valet att skapa lĂ€rgrupper sĂ„ Ă€r det lĂ€tt att tro att det Ă€r fel pĂ„ lĂ€rarna nĂ€r misslyckandet kanske i stĂ€llet beror pĂ„ bristen pĂ„ förstĂ„else för varför organisationen införts, vad den stĂ€ller för krav pĂ„ de som deltar, vilka problem den syftar till att lösa och att ett nĂ€ra samarbete aldrig kan ske utan svĂ„righeter.  Organisationen av lĂ€rare i lĂ€rgrupper blir dĂ„ en av alla modeflugor inom skolan som först ses som lösningen pĂ„ det mesta och nĂ€r det inte snabbt visar sig vara fallet sĂ„ dör modeflugan och ersĂ€tts av en ny.  Den bild som rektorerna vidarebefordrar till oss forskare Ă€r att Rektorsprogrammet innehĂ„ller ett radband av inspel och uppgifter som Ă€r praktiknĂ€ra och ofta ocksĂ„ meningsfulla MEN vi ser inte att de uppfattar att det som görs Ă€r grundat i nĂ„gon djupare idĂ© om skola och skolledarskap. I rapporten arbetar vi med nĂ„gra teoretiska antaganden; Giddens struktureringsteori, Kemmis (med fleras) teori om praktikarkitekturer, Ekholms (med fleras) teori om skolors förbĂ€ttringskapacitet och Illeris teori om lĂ€rande. UtifrĂ„n vĂ„ra intervjuresultat kan man fĂ„ uppfattningen att rektorsuppdraget kretsar runt att följa skollagen och att klara en skolinspektion utan allvarliga anmĂ€rkningar. Under tre Ă„r har vi följt sju rektorer och deras skolor samtidigt som rektorerna deltagit i Rektorsprogrammet pĂ„ Karlstads universitet. Ett övergripande syfte har varit att studera eventuella kopplingar mellan utbildningens form och innehĂ„ll och rektorernas sĂ€tt att ta sig an uppdraget som rektor pĂ„ den egna skolan. Resultaten visar att rektorerna anser att utbildningen Ă€r viktig och lĂ€rorik och att den leder till nya tanker och idĂ©er. Flera anser sig bli tryggare i sin roll. Men undersökningen visar samtidigt att Rektorsprogrammet har svĂ„rt att pĂ„verka det som sker ute pĂ„ skolorna. Det framstĂ„r som svĂ„rt att koppla den nya kunskap till konkreta handlingar samt att dra slutsatser mellan de krav och förvĂ€ntningar som kursdeltagarna stĂ€ller pĂ„ personalen i den verksamhet de leder och de krav och förvĂ€ntningar de stĂ€ller pĂ„ sig sjĂ€lva och sina kurskamrater under rektorsutbildningen. Det Ă€r tydligt att flera rektorer i utbildningen agerar mer utifrĂ„n bilden av ”den motvilliga studenten” vars frĂ€msta krav Ă€r att fĂ„ tydliga informationer om vad som ska examineras och hur detta ska gĂ„ till Ă€n som en (skol)ledare som Ă€r beredd att stĂ„ pĂ„ barrikaderna för att tillsammans med kursens lĂ€rare utforska och testa vad som finns att lĂ€ra om uppdraget som rektor.

    Rektorer i utbildning : Drivkrafter för ett lÀrande i sampsel

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    VĂ€lutbildade skolledare ses som en viktig faktor i utveckling av den lokala skolan. År 2010 blev dĂ€rför Rektorsprogrammet en obligatorisk utbildning pĂ„ avancerad akademisk nivĂ„. I en undersökning följer vi en grupp rektorer under de tre Ă„r de deltar i programmet. I denna artikel presenteras resultatet av en delstudie i den mer omfattande undersökningen om rektorer i utbildning. Under utbildningen Ă€r deltagarna organiserade i ”lĂ€rgrupper” i vilka de förvĂ€ntas arbeta och lĂ€ra tillsammans. Intentionen Ă€r ocksĂ„ att ge rektorerna erfarenheter av ett lĂ€rande i samspel med kollegor. Delstudiens syfte Ă€r att undersöka och förstĂ„ rektorernas beskrivningar av de aktiviteter som sker inom studiegruppen. ForskningsfrĂ„gor Ă€r: 1. Vilka drivkrafter Ă€r möjliga att identifiera i rektorers beskrivning av de aktiviteter som sker inom lĂ€rgrupperna? 2. Vad möjliggör och begrĂ€nsar det gemensamma lĂ€randet inom lĂ€rgrupperna? Materialet analyseras med hjĂ€lp av teorin om praktikarkitekturer.Well-educated school leaders are seen as an important factor in local school improvement. In 2010, the Swedish national training program for school leaders became a mandatory program at advanced academic level. In a study, we have followed a group of principals during the three years they attended the program. In this article, we presents the results of a sub-study in the more comprehensive study of principals in education, and are focusing on collaborative learning. During the program, the participants are organized into ‘learning groups’ in which they are expected to work and learn together. One intention is also to give the principals experiences of learning in interaction with colleagues. The aim of the sub-study is to examine and analyse the principals’ descriptions of the activities that take place within their ‘learning group’. Research questions are 1. What drivers are possible to identify in the principals’ description of the activities that take place within the ‘learning groups? 2. What enables and constrains collaborative learning within the ‘learning groups’? The material is analysed using the theory of practice architectures

    Fastighetsskatten

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