Field evaluation of pyriproxyfen and spinosad mixture for the control of insecticide resistant Aedes aegypti in Martinique (French West Indies)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The resistance of <it>Ae. aegypti </it>to insecticides is already widespread and continues to develop. It represents a serious problem for programmes aimed at the control and prevention of dengue in tropical countries. In the light of this problem measures to control <it>Ae. aegypti </it>are being orientated towards how best to use existing insecticides, notably by combining those that have different modes of action.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this study we evaluated the operational efficiency of a mixture composed of pyriproxyfen (an insect growth regulator) and spinosad (a biopesticide) against a population of <it>Ae. aegypti </it>from Martinique resistant to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides. The first step consisted of evaluating the efficacy of pyriproxyfen and spinosad when used alone, or in combination, against <it>Ae. aegypti </it>larvae under simulated conditions. The results showed that the mixture of pyriproxyfen+spinosad remained active for at least 8 months, compared with 3 months for spinosad alone, and 5 months for pyriproxyfen alone. In a second step in containers experiencing natural conditions, pyriproxyfen and spinosad, maintained the rate of adult emergence at 20% for 3 weeks and 3.5 months, respectively. Following the same criteria of evaluation, the mixture pyriproxyfen+spinosad remained effective for 4.5 months, showing that the combination of the two larvicides with different modes of action acted to increase the residual activity of the treatment.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The mixture of pyriproxyfen and spinosad kills larvae and pupae giving it a broader range of action than either insecticide. This mixture could preserve the utility of both insecticides in public health programs.</p

Insecticide susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Central Africa

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Aedes aegypti </it>(Linnaeus, 1762) and <it>Aedes albopictus </it>(Skuse, 1894) are the main vectors of dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses worldwide. As there is still no vaccine or specific treatment for DENV and CHIKV, vector control remains the cornerstone of prevention and outbreak control. Unfortunately, vector control programs are facing operational challenges with mosquitoes becoming resistant to commonly used insecticides in several areas through the world. Throughout Central Africa no recent data are available susceptible/resistant status of either vector species since the introduction/arrival of <it>Ae. albopictus </it>in this area. We therefore studied the level of resistance of these two major vectors to insecticides commonly used in Africa for mosquito control.</p> <p>Results</p> <p><it>Aedes aegypti </it>and <it>Ae. albopictus </it>were sampled in six urban localities of Cameroon (Garoua, Bertoua, Yaoundé, Bafia, Buea) and Gabon (Libreville). Larval bioassays, carried out to determine the lethal concentrations (LC₅₀and LC₉₅) and resistance ratios (RR₅₀and RR₉₅) suggested that both vector species were susceptible to <it>Bti </it>(<it>Bacillus thuringiensis var israeliensis</it>) and temephos. Bioassays were also performed on adults using WHO diagnostic test kits to assess phenotypic resistance to deltamethrin, DDT, fenitrothion and propoxur. These experiments showed that one population of <it>Ae. aegypti </it>(Libreville) and two populations of <it>Ae. albopictus </it>(Buea and Yaoundé) were resistant to DDT (mortality 36% to 71%). Resistance to deltamethrin was also suspected in <it>Ae. albopictus </it>from Yaoundé (83% mortality). All other field mosquito populations were susceptible to deltamethrin, DDT, fenitrothion and propoxur. No increase in the knockdown times (Kdt₅₀and Kdt₉₅) was noted in the Yaoundé resistant population compared to other <it>Ae. albopictus </it>populations, suggesting the possible involvement of metabolic resistance to deltamethrin and DDT.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In view of the recent increase in dengue and chikungunya outbreaks in Central Africa, these unique comparative data on the insecticide susceptibility of <it>Ae. aegypti </it>and <it>Ae. albopictus </it>could help public health services to design more effective vector control measures.</p

Exploring the molecular basis of insecticide resistance in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti: a case study in Martinique Island (French West Indies)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The yellow fever mosquito <it>Aedes aegypti </it>is a major vector of dengue and hemorrhagic fevers, causing up to 100 million dengue infections every year. As there is still no medicine and efficient vaccine available, vector control largely based on insecticide treatments remains the only method to reduce dengue virus transmission. Unfortunately, vector control programs are facing operational challenges with mosquitoes becoming resistant to commonly used insecticides. Resistance of <it>Ae. aegypti </it>to chemical insecticides has been reported worldwide and the underlying molecular mechanisms, including the identification of enzymes involved in insecticide detoxification are not completely understood.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The present paper investigates the molecular basis of insecticide resistance in a population of <it>Ae. aegypti </it>collected in Martinique (French West Indies). Bioassays with insecticides on adults and larvae revealed high levels of resistance to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides. Molecular screening for common insecticide target-site mutations showed a high frequency (71%) of the sodium channel 'knock down resistance' (<it>kdr</it>) mutation. Exposing mosquitoes to detoxification enzymes inhibitors prior to bioassays induced a significant increased susceptibility of mosquitoes to insecticides, revealing the presence of metabolic-based resistance mechanisms. This trend was biochemically confirmed by significant elevated activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases and carboxylesterases at both larval and adult stages. Utilization of the microarray <it>Aedes Detox Chip </it>containing probes for all members of detoxification and other insecticide resistance-related enzymes revealed the significant constitutive over-transcription of multiple detoxification genes at both larval and adult stages. The over-transcription of detoxification genes in the resistant strain was confirmed by using real-time quantitative RT-PCR.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results suggest that the high level of insecticide resistance found in <it>Ae. aegypti </it>mosquitoes from Martinique island is the consequence of both target-site and metabolic based resistance mechanisms. Insecticide resistance levels and associated mechanisms are discussed in relation with the environmental context of Martinique Island. These finding have important implications for dengue vector control in Martinique and emphasizes the need to develop new tools and strategies for maintaining an effective control of <it>Aedes </it>mosquito populations worldwide.</p

Pyrethroid Resistance Reduces the Efficacy of Space Sprays for Dengue Control on the Island of Martinique (Caribbean)

The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the major vector of the Dengue virus in human populations and is responsible of serious outbreaks worldwide. In most countries, vector control is implemented by the use of insecticides to reduce mosquito populations. During epidemics, insecticides of the pyrethroid family (blocking the voltage gated sodium channel protein in the nerve sheath) are used by space spraying with vehicle mounted thermal foggers to kill adult mosquitoes. Unfortunately some populations of Ae. aegypti have become resistant to these insecticides, leading to operational challenges for public health services. In Martinique (French West Indies), resistance to pyrethroids was detected in the 1990s. The present study assessed the impact of this resistance on the efficacy of vector control operations in 9 localities of Martinique. Here we showed that the resistance strongly reduces the efficacy of pyrethroid-based treatments, thus emphasizing the urgent need for alternative insecticides or tools to reduce dengue transmission

Metabolic resistance and not voltage-gated sodium channel gene mutation is associated with pyrethroid resistance of Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) from Cambodia

(1) Background: In Cambodia, Aedes albopictus is an important vector of the dengue virus. Vector control using insecticides is a major strategy implemented in managing mosquito-borne diseases. Resistance, however, threatens to undermine the use of insecticides. In this study, we present the levels of insecticide resistance of Ae. albopictus in Cambodia and the mechanisms involved. (2) Methods: Two Ae. albopictus populations were collected from the capital, Phnom Penh city, and from rural Pailin province. Adults were tested with diagnostic doses of malathion (0.8%), deltamethrin (0.03%), permethrin (0.25%), and DDT (4%) using WHO tube assays. Synergist assays using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) were implemented before the pyrethroid assays to detect the potential involvement of metabolic resistance mechanisms. Adult female mosquitoes collected from Phnom Penh and Pailin were tested for voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) kdr (knockdown resistance) mutations commonly found in Aedes sp.-resistant populations throughout Asia (S989P, V1016G, and F1534C), as well as for other mutations (V410L, L982W, A1007G, I1011M, T1520I, and D1763Y). (3) Results: The two populations showed resistance against all the insecticides tested (<90% mortality). The use of PBO (an inhibitor of P450s) strongly restored the efficacy of deltamethrin and permethrin against the two resistant populations. Sequences of regions of the vgsc gene showed a lack of kdr mutations known to be associated with pyrethroid resistance. However, four novel non-synonymous mutations (L412P/S, C983S, Q1554STOP, and R1718L) and twenty-nine synonymous mutations were detected. It remains to be determined whether these mutations contribute to pyrethroid resistance. (4) Conclusions: Pyrethroid resistance is occurring in two Ae. albopictus populations originating from urban and rural areas of Cambodia. The resistance is likely due to metabolic resistance specifically involving P450s monooxygenases. The levels of resistance against different insecticide classes are a cause for concern in Cambodia. Alternative tools and insecticides for controlling dengue vectors should be used to minimize disease prevalence in the country

Insecticide resistance of Aedes aegypti and its impact on dengue vector control in Martinique

Cette thèse a été initiée de part le contexte de résurgence et d'expansion de la dengue à travers le monde et notamment en France. Les stratégies actuelles de lutte contre le virus et contre son vecteur Ae. aegypti se heurtent à de nombreuses limitations. Elles sont d'ordres économiques, sociologiques, législatifs, environnementaux et biologiques. Cette étude a visé à répondre scientifiquement à un certain nombre de ces limitations en s'appuyant sur le contexte Martiniquais, qui à une échelle micro-géographique présente tous les paramètres requis pour étudier les causes et les conséquences de l'extension des résistances aux insecticides sur l'efficacité de la lutte antivectorielle. Dans un premier temps ce travail a visé à mieux comprendre les mécanismes métaboliques et moléculaires impliqués dans la résistance. Nous avons ensuite étudié la répartition et les mécanismes de résistance intervenant dans les différentes populations de moustiques à un niveau macro-géographique. Ceci a permis et d'étudier les facteurs environnementaux contribuant à leur sélection sur le terrain. Enfin une étude de génétique des populations nous a permis d'étudier les niveaux de variabilité génétique et de structuration de ces populations de vecteurs. La seconde partie de l'étude a visé à comprendre l'impact de cette résistance sur les actions de lutte antivectorielle. L'expression phénotypique de ces résistances a été étudiée au laboratoire et sur le terrain en mesurant notamment les taux de survie de moustiques exposés à différents types de traitement insecticides (larvicide/adulticide). Enfin, la dernière partie a été consacrée à la recherche de stratégies alternatives ou innovantes de lutte antivectorielle dans l'objectif de contribuer à une meilleure gestion des résistances au sein des populations de vecteurs. L'évolution et le futur de la recherche concernant la lutte contre Ae. aegypti et la dengue sont discutés dans cette étude.This thesis was conducted in the context of the resurgence and expansion of dengue fever throughout the world, particularly concerning France. Current strategies of control of the virus and its vector Ae. aegypti encounter many limitations. These involve economic, sociological, legal, environmental and biological dimensions. This study aimed to take into account some of these limitations in the setting of Martinique, which on a micro-geographical level presents all the necessary parameters to study the causes and consequences of the expansion of insecticide resistance on the effectiveness of vector control. Initial work aimed to increase our knowledge of the metabolic and molecular mechanisms implied in resistance. We then evaluated the distribution and mechanisms of resistance occurring in various populations of mosquitoes on a macro-geographical level. This allowed us to study the environmental factors contributing to selection of resistance mechanisms in the field. Finally a population genetic study enabled us to measure genetic variability and the structure of these vector populations. The second part of the study aimed at understanding the impact of resistance on vector control operations. The phenotypic expression of resistance was investigated in the laboratory and field by measuring the survival rates of mosquitoes exposed to various types of insecticide treatment (larvicide/adulticide). In the last part of this thesis we investigated alternative or innovative strategies of vector control with the objective of contributing towards improved management of resistance within vector populations. The evolution and future of research concerning the fight against Ae. aegypti and dengue is discussed in this study

Insecticide resistance of Aedes aegypti and its impact on dengue vector control in Martinique

Cette thèse a été initiée de part le contexte de résurgence et d'expansion de la dengue à travers le monde et notamment en France. Les stratégies actuelles de lutte contre le virus et contre son vecteur Ae. aegypti se heurtent à de nombreuses limitations. Elles sont d'ordres économiques, sociologiques, législatifs, environnementaux et biologiques. Cette étude a visé à répondre scientifiquement à un certain nombre de ces limitations en s'appuyant sur le contexte Martiniquais, qui à une échelle micro-géographique présente tous les paramètres requis pour étudier les causes et les conséquences de l'extension des résistances aux insecticides sur l'efficacité de la lutte antivectorielle. Dans un premier temps ce travail a visé à mieux comprendre les mécanismes métaboliques et moléculaires impliqués dans la résistance. Nous avons ensuite étudié la répartition et les mécanismes de résistance intervenant dans les différentes populations de moustiques à un niveau macro-géographique. Ceci a permis et d'étudier les facteurs environnementaux contribuant à leur sélection sur le terrain. Enfin une étude de génétique des populations nous a permis d'étudier les niveaux de variabilité génétique et de structuration de ces populations de vecteurs. La seconde partie de l'étude a visé à comprendre l'impact de cette résistance sur les actions de lutte antivectorielle. L'expression phénotypique de ces résistances a été étudiée au laboratoire et sur le terrain en mesurant notamment les taux de survie de moustiques exposés à différents types de traitement insecticides (larvicide/adulticide). Enfin, la dernière partie a été consacrée à la recherche de stratégies alternatives ou innovantes de lutte antivectorielle dans l'objectif de contribuer à une meilleure gestion des résistances au sein des populations de vecteurs. L'évolution et le futur de la recherche concernant la lutte contre Ae. aegypti et la dengue sont discutés dans cette étude.This thesis was conducted in the context of the resurgence and expansion of dengue fever throughout the world, particularly concerning France. Current strategies of control of the virus and its vector Ae. aegypti encounter many limitations. These involve economic, sociological, legal, environmental and biological dimensions. This study aimed to take into account some of these limitations in the setting of Martinique, which on a micro-geographical level presents all the necessary parameters to study the causes and consequences of the expansion of insecticide resistance on the effectiveness of vector control. Initial work aimed to increase our knowledge of the metabolic and molecular mechanisms implied in resistance. We then evaluated the distribution and mechanisms of resistance occurring in various populations of mosquitoes on a macro-geographical level. This allowed us to study the environmental factors contributing to selection of resistance mechanisms in the field. Finally a population genetic study enabled us to measure genetic variability and the structure of these vector populations. The second part of the study aimed at understanding the impact of resistance on vector control operations. The phenotypic expression of resistance was investigated in the laboratory and field by measuring the survival rates of mosquitoes exposed to various types of insecticide treatment (larvicide/adulticide). In the last part of this thesis we investigated alternative or innovative strategies of vector control with the objective of contributing towards improved management of resistance within vector populations. The evolution and future of research concerning the fight against Ae. aegypti and dengue is discussed in this study.MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Alternative insecticides for larval control of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in Lao PDR: insecticide resistance and semi-field trial study

Abstract Background The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of several arboviruses, such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika, and represents a major public health problem in Southeast Asia. In Laos, where dengue is reemerging, several Ae. aegypti populations from the capital Vientiane have shown resistance to the organophosphate temephos, a commonly-used larvicide for public health interventions. Methods Here, we tested the insecticide susceptibility of a wild larval population of Ae. aegypti against Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen and spinosad. Residual efficacies of Bti (VectobacWG®), diflubenzuron (Killmos®) and temephos (Abate®) were then evaluated under simulated field conditions against the wild Ae. aegypti population. Results The larval bioassays showed that the wild Ae. aegypti strain was moderately resistant to temephos and spinosad (resistance ratio, RR < 5) and fully susceptible to the other insecticides (RR = 1). The simulated field trial bioassays showed that all of the insecticides tested remained above the WHO acceptable larvicide threshold after 28 weeks. Conclusions These results suggest that Bti and diflubenzuron may be promising alternative larvicides for controlling dengue vectors in water-storage containers in Laos, especially against Ae. aegypti populations, in which resistance to temephos has been detected

La résistance du moustique Aedes aegypti à la Martinique: La résistance des vecteurs d’arboviroses aux insecticides dans les départements français d’Outre‐mer et implications opérationnelles

National audienceÀ La Martinique, face à la progression de la dengue et à la possible réapparition du paludisme, la recherche d’insecticides potentiellement utilisables en lutte antivectorielle est cruciale. On recherche des stratégies nouvelles pour combattre plus efficacement le moustique Aedes aegypti, vecteur de ces maladies. Sachant qu’un pesticide agit sur une ou plusieurs cibles bien déterminées, une liste initiale des insecticides déjà commercialisés dans le monde a été établie. Parmi ces substances actives considérées a priori comme efficaces pour la lutte antivectorielle, figurent trois larvicides : le spinosad, le pyriproxyfène et le diflubenzuron. Ces trois candidats ont été testés comparativement au Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (Bti)