Sprachvariation durch Sprachkontakt: Pluralmarkierung bei Anglizismen in der spanischen und französischen Jugendsprache

Das Englische ist auf dem Vormarsch, es „ist die neue lingua franca unserer Zivilisation” (Cebrián 1999: 190). Auch in den romanischen Sprachen sind Wörter aus dem Englischen allgegenwärtig. Anglizismen werden darüber hinaus immer wieder als charakteristisch für die Jugendsprache angesehen. Der folgende Beitrag befasst sich mit der Fragestellung, wie sich nun die morphologische Integration des fremden Wortguts in den jugendsprachlichen Nonstandardvarietäten des Spanischen und Französischen beschreiben lässt. Mehrere Untersuchungen zum Französischen, Italienischen und Spanischen haben gezeigt, dass sich die Anglizismen durch einen immer geringeren Integrationsgrad auszeichnen. Gerade bei der Pluralmarkierung nicht vollständig integrierter Lehnwörter stößt man in den sprachnormativen Werken auf divergierende Angaben. So findet sich im Falle des Französischen im Le Petit Robert (2006) die Pluralmarkierung flashs, wohingegen der Trésor de la langue française (2004) flashes angibt. Im Spanischen lässt sich Vergleichbares beobachten: z.B. sandwich und sandwiches (Diccionario del español actual), sowie sándwichs (Esbozo de una nueva gramática de la lengua española). Prinzipiell lassen sich in der Standardsprache bei Entlehnungen mindestens zwei verschiedene Wege der Pluralmarkierung herausstellen: Entweder folgt der Plural dem romanischen Muster oder die Pluralmarkierung der Gebersprache dient als Vorbild. Interessant ist nun zu untersuchen, welche Pluralmarkierung im Nonstandard frequenter ist und inwiefern an dieser Stelle die Jugendsprache vom Standard abweicht. Darüber hinaus setzt sich der Beitrag das Ziel, Divergenzen und Konvergenzen bei der französischen und spanischen Pluralmorphologie aufzudecken. Als Korpus dienen spanische und französische Jugendzeitschriften und Internetblogs.Das Englische ist auf dem Vormarsch, es „ist die neue lingua franca unserer Zivilisation” (Cebrián 1999: 190). Auch in den romanischen Sprachen sind Wörter aus dem Englischen allgegenwärtig. Anglizismen werden darüber hinaus immer wieder als charakteristisch für die Jugendsprache angesehen. Der folgende Beitrag befasst sich mit der Fragestellung, wie sich nun die morphologische Integration des fremden Wortguts in den jugendsprachlichen Nonstandardvarietäten des Spanischen und Französischen beschreiben lässt. Mehrere Untersuchungen zum Französischen, Italienischen und Spanischen haben gezeigt, dass sich die Anglizismen durch einen immer geringeren Integrationsgrad auszeichnen. Gerade bei der Pluralmarkierung nicht vollständig integrierter Lehnwörter stößt man in den sprachnormativen Werken auf divergierende Angaben. So findet sich im Falle des Französischen im Le Petit Robert (2006) die Pluralmarkierung flashs, wohingegen der Trésor de la langue française (2004) flashes angibt. Im Spanischen lässt sich Vergleichbares beobachten: z.B. sandwich und sandwiches (Diccionario del español actual), sowie sándwichs (Esbozo de una nueva gramática de la lengua española). Prinzipiell lassen sich in der Standardsprache bei Entlehnungen mindestens zwei verschiedene Wege der Pluralmarkierung herausstellen: Entweder folgt der Plural dem romanischen Muster oder die Pluralmarkierung der Gebersprache dient als Vorbild. Interessant ist nun zu untersuchen, welche Pluralmarkierung im Nonstandard frequenter ist und inwiefern an dieser Stelle die Jugendsprache vom Standard abweicht. Darüber hinaus setzt sich der Beitrag das Ziel, Divergenzen und Konvergenzen bei der französischen und spanischen Pluralmorphologie aufzudecken. Als Korpus dienen spanische und französische Jugendzeitschriften und Internetblogs

Influence of motivation and a new digitized training program on undergraduate dental students during preclinical scaling training

Background The current study evaluated whether a new digitized scaling training program (DTP: n = 30; supervisor-student-ratio 1:10) improves the performance of undergraduate dental student during a preclinical course in regard to two different instruments [sonic scalers (AIR) and Gracey curettes (GRA)] compared to a conventional training program (CTP: n = 19; supervisor-student-ratio 1:4). Methods All the participants received a two-hour lecture on both instruments, followed by a 12-week period with a weekly training program lasting 45 min (10 sessions); one group was supported by DTP. At the end of the training phase, all the participants performed the subgingival scaling of six equivalent test teeth using GRA and AIR. Treatment time, proportion of removed simulated biofilm (relative cleaning efficacy, RCE-b) and hard deposits (RCE-d) were recorded. By using a pseudonymized questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale, self-assessment of scaling effort, handling, root surface roughness/destruction and effectiveness were evaluated. In addition, personal data such as age, gender, handedness, regularity of playing computer games/consoles and previous dental/technical or medical education were elevated and correlated with cleaning efficacy. Results The DTP participants showed higher effectiveness in RCE-b compared to those who used the CTP with GRA (71.54% vs. 67.23%, p = 0.004) and AIR (71.75% vs. 62.63%, p ≤ 0.001), and the DTP students were faster with both instruments (p ≤ 0.001). For RCE-d, there was no significant difference between the DTP and CTP groups (GRA p = 0.471; AIR p = 0.158), whereas DTP showed better RCE-d results with GRA versus AIR (84.68% vs. 77.85%, p < 0.001). According to the questionnaire, no significant differences were detected between the training groups in terms of self-assessment, handling, treatment time, root surface roughness/destruction or effectiveness of the instruments. The CTP group favored AIR compared to GRA regarding the fatigue effect. The CTP and playing computer games/consoles regularly was correlated with lower RCE-b, whereas previous education in medicine/dentistry was correlated with higher RCE-b values. Conclusions Within the limitations of the study, the DTP with a reduced supervision effort compared to the CTP resulted in higher effectiveness and lower instrumentation time for removing simulated biofilms

New experimental setup for the measurement of cleaning efficacy and force of interdental aids in 3D-reproduced interdental areas

BACKGROUND:Interdental rubber picks (IRP) have become a frequent and convenient alternative for interdental cleaning. However, only little evidence exists supporting the effectiveness of newer designs available on the market. Therefore, a new in vitro model was evaluated to measure the experimental cleaning efficacy (ECE), as well as the force needed for insertion and during the use of IRP, with high reproducibility. Interdental tooth surfaces were reproduced by a 3D-printer (Form 2, Formlabs Sommerville, MA, USA) according to human teeth and matched to morphologically equivalent pairs (isosceles triangle, concave, convex) fitting to different gap sizes (1.0 mm, 1.1 mm, 1.3 mm). The pre-/post brushing situations at interdental areas (standardized cleaning, computer aided ten cycles) were photographically recorded and quantified by digital image subtraction to calculate ECE [%]. Forces were registered with a load cell [N]. RESULTS:IRP-F have to be inserted with significant higher forces of 3.2 ± 1.8 N compared to IRP-S (2.0 ± 1.6 N; p < 0.001) independent of the size and type of artificial interdental area. During cleaning process IRP-S showed significantly lower values for pushing/pulling (1.0 ± 0.8 N/0.5 ± 0.4 N) compared to IRP-F (1.6 ± 0.8 N/0.7 ± 0.3 N; p < 0.001) concomitant to significantly lower ECE (19.1 ± 9.8 vs. 21.7 ± 10.0%, p = 0.002). Highest ECE was measured with largest size of IRP-F/IRP-S independent the morphology of interdental area. CONCLUSIONS:New interdental cleaning aids can be tested by the new experimental setup supported by 3D printing technology. Within the limitations of an in vitro study, IRP-F cleaned more effectively at higher forces compared to IRP-S

In vitro comparison of cleaning efficacy and force of cylindric interdental brush versus an interdental rubber pick

Background Interdental brushes (IDB) are according to the actual evidence the first choice for cleaning interdental areas (IDR). Their size should be chosen individually according to the IDR morphology. However, interdental rubber picks (IRP) are appreciated better by the patients and are hence becoming more and more popular but the evidence regarding their efficacy is still limited. The aim of this in vitro study was to measure the experimental cleaning efficacy (ECE) and force (ECF) during the use of interdental brushes versus newer wireless types with rubber filaments (IRP), both fitted and non-fitted for different IDR. Results Overall, a higher ECE was recorded for IDB compared to IRP (58.3 ± 14.9% versus 18.4 ± 10.1%; p < 0.001). ECE significantly depended on the fitting of the IDB. ECE was significant higher in isosceles triangle compared to concave and convex IDR for both IDB and IRP (p ≤ 0.001). ECF was lower for IDB (0.6 ± 0.4N) compared to IRP (0.8 ± 0.5N; p ≤ 0.001). ECE in relation to ECF increases with smaller IDB. For IRP highest values of ECF were found in the smallest IDR. Conclusions Within the limitations of an in vitro study, size fitted IDB cleaned more effectively at lower forces compared to conical IRP

The WIN-speller: a new intuitive auditory brain-computer interface spelling application

The objective of this study was to test the usability of a new auditory Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) application for communication. We introduce a word based, intuitive auditory spelling paradigm the WIN-speller. In the WIN-speller letters are grouped by words, such as the word KLANG representing the letters A, G, K, L, and N. Thereby, the decoding step between perceiving a code and translating it to the stimuli it represents becomes superfluous. We tested 11 healthy volunteers and four end-users with motor impairment in the copy spelling mode. Spelling was successful with an average accuracy of 84% in the healthy sample. Three of the end-users communicated with average accuracies of 80% or higher while one user was not able to communicate reliably. Even though further evaluation is required, the WIN-speller represents a potential alternative for BCI based communication in end-users

Manual toothbrushing techniques for plaque removal and the prevention of gingivitis-A systematic review with network meta-analysis.

BackgroundThe meaning of the toothbrushing technique for the effectivity of toothbrushing in terms of plaque removal and parameters of gingivitis is unknown. This systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsWe searched MEDLINE (PubMed), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Web of Science for RCTs that compared any self-applied manual toothbrushing technique to any other technique or control and assessed plaque after toothbrushing and gingivitis. Where intervention effects were recorded repeatedly, the last post-intervention assessment was treated as the primary outcome date (POD), and the assessment closest to the intervention as the secondary outcome date (SOD). Age restrictions were not imposed. Participants with fixed orthodontic appliances were excluded. The evidence was evaluated using the Confidence in Network Meta-Analyses (CINeMA) approach, which is based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.ResultsThirteen publications, including 15 studies, were identified. Ten studies assessing the Fones, Bass, and Scrub techniques provided data eligible for the NMA. The confidence rating of the evidence varied from very low to high in the case of plaque, and from very low to low in the case of gingivitis. Regarding PODs, Fones probably reduces plaque slightly compared with no training; the evidence is very uncertain that Fones may have little to no effect on gingivitis. Bass may result in little to no difference in plaque; the evidence that Bass may result in a slight increase in gingivitis is very uncertain. The evidence is very uncertain that Scrub may result in little to no difference in plaque at the SOD (no POD-data available) and that it may result in a slight increase in gingivitis.ConclusionThere is limited evidence regarding the effects of toothbrushing techniques on plaque after brushing or gingivitis

Microbiological shifts in intra- and extraoral habitats following mechanical periodontal therapy

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to analyze the intra- and extraoral colonization dynamics of periodontal pathogens following supra- and subgingival debridement. Material and Methods: Thirty five patients with chronic periodontitis were enrolled in the study. Supra- and subgingival plaque samples, saliva, and swab samples from mucosa and extraoral sites were taken at baseline and 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after mechanical periodontal therapy. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Eikenella corrodens (Ec), Tannerella forsythensis (Tf), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Prevotella nigrescens (Pn), and Treponema denticola (Td) were identified by PCR. Results: Supra- and subgingival debridement decreased the number of subgingival sites infected with the analyzed pathogens only transiently, if at all. However, the detection frequencies of Tf, Td, Ec, Pi, and Pn in the supragingival region, of Pg, Td, and Pn at the oral mucosa sites (mostly the tongue), and of all pathogens except Aa in saliva increased over the 6-month observation period. Td was the only pathogen recorded in notable quantities in the extraoral habitat (external ear canal). Conclusion: The results indicate that supra- and subgingival debridement results in a dissemination of periodontal pathogens within the oral cavity. © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2004.link_to_subscribed_fulltex

The User-Centered Design as Novel Perspective for Evaluating the Usability of BCI-Controlled Applications

Albeit research on brain-computer interfaces (BCI) for controlling applications has expanded tremendously, we still face a translational gap when bringing BCI to end-users. To bridge this gap, we adapted the user-centered design (UCD) to BCI research and development which implies a shift from focusing on single aspects, such as accuracy and information transfer rate (ITR), to a more holistic user experience. The UCD implements an iterative process between end-users and developers based on a valid evaluation procedure. Within the UCD framework usability of a device can be defined with regard to its effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. We operationalized these aspects to evaluate BCI-controlled applications. Effectiveness was regarded equivalent to accuracy of selections and efficiency to the amount of information transferred per time unit and the effort invested (workload). Satisfaction was assessed with questionnaires and visual-analogue scales. These metrics have been successfully applied to several BCI-controlled applications for communication and entertainment, which were evaluated by end-users with severe motor impairment. Results of four studies, involving a total of N = 19 end-users revealed: effectiveness was moderate to high; efficiency in terms of ITR was low to high and workload low to medium; depending on the match between user and technology, and type of application satisfaction was moderate to high. The here suggested evaluation metrics within the framework of the UCD proved to be an applicable and informative approach to evaluate BCI controlled applications, and end-users with severe impairment and in the locked-in state were able to participate in this process

Evaluation of a systematic digitized training program on the effectivity of subgingival instrumentation with curettes and sonic scalers in vitro

Objectives!#!Whereas the key role of subgingival instrumentation in periodontal therapy is well known, the influence of operators' experience/training with different devices on treatment results is yet uncertain. Therefore, we assessed untrained undergraduate students, working on manikins, as to how effectively they learn to use curettes (GRA) and sonic scalers (AIR); hypothesizing that AIR will result in higher relative cleaning efficacy (RCE) than GRA.!##!Material and methods!#!Before baseline evaluation (T0), 30 operators (9 males, 21 females) received a 2-h theoretical lesson for both instruments, followed by a 12-week period with a weekly digitized training program for 45 min. During three sessions (T1-T3), the operators had to instrument six equivalent test teeth with GRA and AIR. At T0-T3, treatment time, proportion of removed simulated biofilm (RCE-b), and hard deposits (RCE-d) were measured.!##!Results!#!At T0, RCE-b was in mean(SD) 64.18(25.74) % for GRA, 62.25(26.69) % for AIR; (p = 0.172) and RCE-d 85.48(12.32) %/ 65.71(15.27) % (p &amp;lt; 0.001). At T3, operators reached highest RCE-b in both groups (GRA/AIR 71.54(23.90) %/71.75(23.05)%; p = 0.864); RCE-d GRA/AIR: 84.68(16.84) %/77.85(13.98) %; p &amp;lt; 0.001). Both groups achieved shorter treatment times after training. At T3, using curettes was faster (GRA/AIR 16.67(3.31) min/19.80(4.52) min; p &amp;lt; 0.001).!##!Conclusions!#!After systematic digitized training, untrained operators were able to clean 70% of the root surfaces with curettes and sonic scalers.!##!Clinical relevance!#!It can be concluded that a systematic digitized and interactive training program in manikin heads is helpful in the training of root surface debridement

Transfer of the matrix based speller paradigm to the Qualilife software.

<p>Left: To adapt end-users to the flashing of dots, those were placed in each cell of the well familiar matrix. Instead of the letters those dots were flashed. Right: Screen shot of the Qualilife communication application. The now familiar red dots were assigned to each option of the Qualilife communication and control surface. Red dots appear randomly at each possible “button” to press. Attention needs to be focused on the specific button to be pressed by counting how often the red dot is appearing.</p