Diseño de una línea de producción de jabón en forma de pastillas a escala industrial

The objective of the research was to design an in-plant production line for the development of a soap in bar form on an industrial scale. The research was carried out at the RRFARMA laboratory premises. The acceptance of the best formulation was determined through the application of validation tests where the parameters performance, fragrance, color, similarity, satisfaction of use and purchase intention were evaluated. Compliance with quality requirements was determined through sanitization tests on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella. A production line was developed taking into account the waste generated in soap production. Validation tests showed that the sample meets the acceptance parameters, which in turn is associated with a purchase intention. The physicochemical results showed a pH of 5.8 and a solubility time of 15 minutes. The results of the performance of the bar-type soap through sanitization tests showed an effectiveness of 99.99%. In the establishment of the production line, a cost per unit of 8.5 grams equivalent to $0.9484 was obtained, which considers the expenses generated by the costs of materials and inputs, people involved in the work, indirect material and production costs. Keywords: Effectiveness, soaps, sanitation.La investigación tuvo como objetivo el diseño de una línea de producción en planta para el desarrollo de un jabón en forma de pastilla a escala industrial. La investigación se desarrolló en los predios del laboratorio RRFARMA. Se determinó la aceptación de la mejor formulación mediante la aplicación de pruebas de validación en donde se evaluaron los parámetros desempeño, fragancia, color, similitud, satisfacción del uso e intención de compra. Se determinó el cumplimiento de los requisitos de calidad por medio de pruebas de sanitización sobre Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli y Salmonella. Se desarrolló una línea de producción considerando los egresos generados en la producción del jabón. Las pruebas de validación demostraron que la muestra cumple con los parámetros de aceptación, lo que a su vez se asocia con una intención de compra. Los resultados fisicoquímicos dieron como resultados un pH de 5.8 y un tiempo de solubilidad de 15 minutos. Los resultados del desempeño del jabón tipo pastilla por medio de las pruebas de sanitización mostraron una efectividad del 99.99$0.9484, en la que se consideran los gastos generados por los costos de materiales e insumos, las personas que intervienen en el trabajo, material indirecto y los gastos de producción. Palabras clave: Efectividad, jabones, sanitización. Abstract The objective of the research was to design an in-plant production line for the development of a soap in bar form on an industrial scale. The research was carried out at the RRFARMA laboratory premises. The acceptance of the best formulation was determined through the application of validation tests where the parameters performance, fragrance, color, similarity, satisfaction of use and purchase intention were evaluated. Compliance with quality requirements was determined through sanitization tests on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella. A production line was developed taking into account the waste generated in soap production. Validation tests showed that the sample meets the acceptance parameters, which in turn is associated with a purchase intention. The physicochemical results showed a pH of 5.8 and a solubility time of 15 minutes. The results of the performance of the bar-type soap through sanitization tests showed an effectiveness of 99.99%. In the establishment of the production line, a cost per unit of 8.5 grams equivalent to $0.9484 was obtained, which considers the expenses generated by the costs of materials and inputs, people involved in the work, indirect material and production costs. Keywords: Effectiveness, soaps, sanitation. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 29 de octubre de 2021. Fecha de aceptación: 08 de diciembre de 2021.Fecha de publicación: 11 de julio de 2022

Influencia de las gomas naturales carragenina y xanthan como estabilizantes en el jugo de tamarindo (Tamarindus indica)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of stabilizers in tamarind (Tamarindus indica) fruit juice, demonstrating that the addition of natural gums influenced the properties of the beverage. Four treatments were studied: (T) administering xanthan gum (GX) and carrageenan (CG) with percentages of 0.3% and 0.4%, respectively, with 3 replicates for each analysis, applying a statistical model of 2k factorial design with block effect, being the days of evaluation the block effect. The physicochemical parameters pH, density, soluble solids, density and microbiological parameters such as mesophilic aerobes, molds and yeasts were evaluated 0, 5 and 10 days after the juice was prepared, based on the Ecuadorian Technical Standard for juices, pulps, concentrates, nectars, fruit and vegetable drinks NTE INEN 2337:2008. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in the variables studied, except for soluble solids such as molds and yeasts. The incorporation of GX at 0.3% had a greater influence on the dependent variables except for viscosity and aerobes, being the best treatment. The 0.4% GC showed better microbiological stability over time. Keywords: Juice, tamarind, hydrocolloids, xanthan, carrageenan.El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en evaluar los efectos de la adición de estabilizantes en jugo del fruto de tamarindo (Tamarindus indica), demostrando que, al añadir las gomas naturales, estas influyeron en las propiedades de la bebida. Se estudiaron cuatro tratamientos: (T) administrando goma xantana (GX) y carragenina (CG) con porcentajes de 0.3% y 0.4%, respectivamente, con 3 repeticiones por cada análisis, aplicando un modelo estadístico de diseño factorial 2k con efecto de bloque, siendo los días de evaluación el efecto de bloqueo. Se evaluaron los parámetros físico-químicos pH, densidad, sólidos solubles, densidad y microbiológicos como aerobios mesófilos, mohos y levaduras a los 0, 5 y 10 días de elaborado el jugo, tomando como base la Norma Técnica Ecuatoriana para jugos, pulpas, concentrados, néctares, bebidas de frutas y vegetales NTE INEN 2337:2008. Se observaron diferencias significativas (p<0.05) en las variables estudiadas, excepto en los sólidos solubles como en mohos y levaduras. La incorporación de GX a 0.3%, influyó en mayor medida en las variables dependientes a excepción de viscosidad y aerobios, siendo el mejor tratamiento. La CG 0.4% presentó mejor estabilidad microbiológica en el tiempo. Palabras clave: Jugo, tamarindo, hidrocoloides, xantana, carragenina. Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of stabilizers in tamarind (Tamarindus indica) fruit juice, demonstrating that the addition of natural gums influenced the properties of the beverage. Four treatments were studied: (T) administering xanthan gum (GX) and carrageenan (CG) with percentages of 0.3% and 0.4%, respectively, with 3 replicates for each analysis, applying a statistical model of 2k factorial design with block effect, being the days of evaluation the block effect. The physicochemical parameters pH, density, soluble solids, density and microbiological parameters such as mesophilic aerobes, molds and yeasts were evaluated 0, 5 and 10 days after the juice was prepared, based on the Ecuadorian Technical Standard for juices, pulps, concentrates, nectars, fruit and vegetable drinks NTE INEN 2337:2008. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in the variables studied, except for soluble solids such as molds and yeasts. The incorporation of GX at 0.3% had a greater influence on the dependent variables except for viscosity and aerobes, being the best treatment. The 0.4% GC showed better microbiological stability over time. Keywords: Juice, tamarind, hydrocolloids, xanthan, carrageenan. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 29 de julio de 2022. Fecha de aceptación: 20 de septiembre de 2022.Fecha de publicación: 10 de julio de 2023

Procedimiento y sistema para detectar queratocono subclínico

Número de publicación: 2 564 397 Número de solicitud: 201431361Procedimiento y sistema para detectar queratocono subclínico, donde el sistema comprende: - un topógrafo corneal configurado para proporcionar un primer (1) y un segundo conjunto (2) de datos espaciales normalizados asociados a la superficie anterior y posterior de la córnea, y un valor de distancia (8) representativo de la separación entre ambas superficies y; - unos medios de procesamiento configurados para generar una primera (3) y una segunda superficie (4) a partir del primer (1) y segundo conjunto de datos (2), y generar un modelo (7) tridimensional que proporciona al menos un primer parámetro (p1) con información de una primera medida de desviación (16) correspondiente a la distancia existente entre el punto de mayor altura (14) de la segunda superficie (4) respecto de un eje axial (12), y donde los medios de procesamiento están además configurados para detectar un posible queratocono subclínico a partir de la medida proporcionada.Universidad Politécnica de CartagenaUniversidad de Murci

The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit: a consolidated design for the system requirement review of the preliminary definition phase

The Athena X-ray Integral Unit (X-IFU) is the high resolution X-ray spectrometer studied since 2015 for flying in the mid-30s on the Athena space X-ray Observatory. Athena is a versatile observatory designed to address the Hot and Energetic Universe science theme, as selected in November 2013 by the Survey Science Committee. Based on a large format array of Transition Edge Sensors (TES), X-IFU aims to provide spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy, with a spectral resolution of 2.5 eV (up to 7 keV) over a hexagonal field of view of 5 arc minutes (equivalent diameter). The X-IFU entered its System Requirement Review (SRR) in June 2022, at about the same time when ESA called for an overall X-IFU redesign (including the X-IFU cryostat and the cooling chain), due to an unanticipated cost overrun of Athena. In this paper, after illustrating the breakthrough capabilities of the X-IFU, we describe the instrument as presented at its SRR (i.e. in the course of its preliminary definition phase, so-called B1), browsing through all the subsystems and associated requirements. We then show the instrument budgets, with a particular emphasis on the anticipated budgets of some of its key performance parameters, such as the instrument efficiency, spectral resolution, energy scale knowledge, count rate capability, non X-ray background and target of opportunity efficiency. Finally, we briefly discuss the ongoing key technology demonstration activities, the calibration and the activities foreseen in the X-IFU Instrument Science Center, touch on communication and outreach activities, the consortium organisation and the life cycle assessment of X-IFU aiming at minimising the environmental footprint, associated with the development of the instrument. Thanks to the studies conducted so far on X-IFU, it is expected that along the design-to-cost exercise requested by ESA, the X-IFU will maintain flagship capabilities in spatially resolved high resolution X-ray spectroscopy, enabling most of the original X-IFU related scientific objectives of the Athena mission to be retained. The X-IFU will be provided by an international consortium led by France, The Netherlands and Italy, with ESA member state contributions from Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, with additional contributions from the United States and Japan.The French contribution to X-IFU is funded by CNES, CNRS and CEA. This work has been also supported by ASI (Italian Space Agency) through the Contract 2019-27-HH.0, and by the ESA (European Space Agency) Core Technology Program (CTP) Contract No. 4000114932/15/NL/BW and the AREMBES - ESA CTP No.4000116655/16/NL/BW. This publication is part of grant RTI2018-096686-B-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. This publication is part of grant RTI2018-096686-B-C21 and PID2020-115325GB-C31 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Geometrical custom modeling of human cornea in vivo and its use for the diagnosis of corneal ectasia.

AIM: To establish a new procedure for 3D geometric reconstruction of the human cornea to obtain a solid model that represents a personalized and in vivo morphology of both the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces. This model is later analyzed to obtain geometric variables enabling the characterization of the corneal geometry and establishing a new clinical diagnostic criterion in order to distinguish between healthy corneas and corneas with keratoconus. METHOD: The method for the geometric reconstruction of the cornea consists of the following steps: capture and preprocessing of the spatial point clouds provided by the Sirius topographer that represent both anterior and posterior corneal surfaces, reconstruction of the corneal geometric surfaces and generation of the solid model. Later, geometric variables are extracted from the model obtained and statistically analyzed to detect deformations of the cornea. RESULTS: The variables that achieved the best results in the diagnosis of keratoconus were anterior corneal surface area (ROC area: 0.847, p<0.000, std. error: 0.038, 95% CI: 0.777 to 0.925), posterior corneal surface area (ROC area: 0.807, p<0.000, std. error: 0.042, 95% CI: 0,726 to 0,889), anterior apex deviation (ROC area: 0.735, p<0.000, std. error: 0.053, 95% CI: 0.630 to 0.840) and posterior apex deviation (ROC area: 0.891, p<0.000, std. error: 0.039, 95% CI: 0.8146 to 0.9672). CONCLUSION: Geometric modeling enables accurate characterization of the human cornea. Also, from a clinical point of view, the procedure described has established a new approach for the study of eye-related diseases

Sagittal plane of the cornea passing through the Z axis and minimum thickness points of both corneal surfaces.

<p>Sagittal plane of the cornea passing through the Z axis and minimum thickness points of both corneal surfaces.</p

Volume of corneal cylinder with a determined radius: a) 2D view of the cylinder and its parameters, b) 3D view of the intersection between the solid model of the cornea and the cylinder.

<p>Volume of corneal cylinder with a determined radius: a) 2D view of the cylinder and its parameters, b) 3D view of the intersection between the solid model of the cornea and the cylinder.</p

Descriptive values (mean and 95% CI) and differences between normal and keratoconus corneal variables modeled.

<p>Descriptive values (mean and 95% CI) and differences between normal and keratoconus corneal variables modeled.</p

ROC analysis of sensitivity versus 1-specificity in the disease diagnosis for proposed measurements.

<p>ROC analysis of sensitivity versus 1-specificity in the disease diagnosis for proposed measurements.</p