Sharing, Living Together and Understanding. A Journey Through our Experiences

S’exposen les metodologies i objectius d’un recull d’experiències educatives que ajuden als infants a comprendre el món mitjançant l’ús d’eines i recursos culturals matemàtics. Aquestes experiències s’han realitzat amb nins d’Educació Infantil de diferents escoles públiques de les Illes Balears. Així mateix, dues experiències, Xishun i Codi de barres, s’han realitzat amb alumnat de primer cicle d’Educació PrimàriaSe exponen las metodologías y objetivos de una recopilación de experiencias educativas que ayudan a los niños a comprender el mundo mediante el uso de herramientas y recursos culturales matemáticos. Estas experiencias se han realizado con niños de Educación Infantil de diferentes escuelas públicas de las Illes Balears. Asimismo, dos experiencias: Xishun y Código de barras, se han realizado con alumnado de primer ciclo de Educación Primaria.This paper presents the methodologies and objectives of a collection of educational experiences that help children understand the world and ourselves through the use of mathematical and cultural tools and resources. These experiences were implemented with 3, 4 and 5-year-old preschool children in different Balearic schools and two of them, “Xishun” and “Codi de Barres”, were implemented with first-cycle primary school students

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

SARS-CoV-2 viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs is not an independent predictor of unfavorable outcome

The aim was to assess the ability of nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load at first patient’s hospital evaluation to predict unfavorable outcomes. We conducted a prospective cohort study including 321 adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 through RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs. Quantitative Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA cycle threshold values were used to calculate the viral load in log10 copies/mL. Disease severity at the end of follow up was categorized into mild, moderate, and severe. Primary endpoint was a composite of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and/or death (n = 85, 26.4%). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load over the second quartile (≥ 7.35 log10 copies/mL, p = 0.003) and second tertile (≥ 8.27 log10 copies/mL, p = 0.01) were associated to unfavorable outcome in the unadjusted logistic regression analysis. However, in the final multivariable analysis, viral load was not independently associated with an unfavorable outcome. Five predictors were independently associated with increased odds of ICU admission and/or death: age ≥ 70 years, SpO2, neutrophils > 7.5 × 103/µL, lactate dehydrogenase ≥ 300 U/L, and C-reactive protein ≥ 100 mg/L. In summary, nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load on admission is generally high in patients with COVID-19, regardless of illness severity, but it cannot be used as an independent predictor of unfavorable clinical outcome

Monitoring the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 on a Spanish university campus through wastewater analysis: A pilot project for the reopening strategy

Wastewater surveillance is a fast and cost-effective tool that enables tracing of both symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2. In this paper, a pilot program carried out at the University Jaume I for monitoring the trends of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such project conducted on a university campus in Spain. Wastewater samples (n = 838) were collected when students returned to campus, from October 2020 until August 2021, at a confluence sewer point and at the building level including different academic departments and services, the library, administration offices and the university student residence. It has been observed that the probability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in wastewater depended on COVID-19 incidence on campus and visitors/occupants of the buildings i.e., high-, or low-traffic buildings with high or low frequency of potential contacts. Moreover, the third wave in Spain (after Christmas 2020) and an outbreak that occurred at the university student's residence could be carefully followed, allowing confirmation of the end of the outbreak. In addition, viral variants (i.e., mutations and linages) from selected time points were detected by sequencing and gave an indication of the evolution of the virus over time. The results illustrate the potential of wastewater-based epidemiology to provide an early warning for SARS-CoV-2 within the university, especially in buildings with low traffic and more defined populations, like the student residence. The strategy and experience gathered in this study will allow for implementation of improvements for reliable monitoring in the future.This project was funded by the University Jaume I for the project “COVID_WATER UJI” (project number: 20I300). RdL was funded by a Beatriz Galindo Fellowship of the Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional, Spanish Government (BGP18/00062). APC was funded by the GVA APOSTD/2021/292. MB was funded by UJI POSDOC-A-2018-35.Peer reviewe

Fotografía de la clase de séptimo curso de bachillerato de Carmen Martín Gaite en el Instituto Femenino Nacional de Enseñanza Media "Lucía de Medrano" de Salamanca.

José Martín, el padre de Carmen y Ana, siempre tuvo la intención de enviar a sus hijas a estudiar el bachillerato a Madrid al Instituto Escuela, pero el estallido de la Guerra Civil frustró sus planes y Carmen tuvo que estudiar en el Instituto Femenino Nacional de Enseñanza Media "Lucía de Medrano" de Salamanca, donde tendrá la suerte de estudiar literatura con los profesores Rafael Lapesa y Salvador Fernández Ramírez, futuros académicos de la Lengua y posibles impulsores de su futura profesión.Sumario: En el vuelto de la misma aparece en letra manuscrita: "Febrero 1943, 7ºCurso. Atención al "bulto vestido de negro capuz". De izquierda a derecha: 1ªfila: María Josefa Sánchez, Carmen Pelayo, Tere Gil, Isidora Borrego, Irene segura, Antonia Pelayo, Josefa Acosta. 2ªfila: Angelines Corrales, Yoli Bermejo, Ego, Carmen Portilla, Regina Blanco, Damiana Acosta, Carmen Fernández Viaña, Natalia Velázquez. 3ªfila: Teresa Sánchez Rodero, Visi Domínguez, Manolita Sánchez Bellido, Pilar Manjon, María Esteban. La cara del profesor está pintada.Metodología: Esta fotografía pertenece al Sobre número 2 de Carmen Martín Gaite. Hay una copia en ACMG,90,53. Hay un cambio con la otra copia en el nombre de una niña, en esta fotografía pone Luisa en el otro pone María Esteban Rodrigo

Fotografía de la clase de sexto curso de bachillerato de Carmen Martín Gaite en el Instituto Femenino Nacional de Enseñanza Media "Lucía de Medrano" de Salamanca.

José Martín, el padre de Carmen y Ana, siempre tuvo la intención de enviar a sus hijas a estudiar el bachillerato a Madrid al Instituto Escuela, pero el estallido de la Guerra Civil frustró sus planes y Carmen tuvo que estudiar en el Instituto Femenino Nacional de Enseñanza Media "Lucía de Medrano" de Salamanca, donde tendrá la suerte de estudiar literatura con los profesores Rafael Lapesa y Salvador Fernández Ramírez, futuros académicos de la Lengua y posibles impulsores de su futura profesión.Sumario: En el vuelto de la misma aparece en letra manuscrita: "6ºCurso- octubre 1941. De izquierda de derecha: Fila superior: Visi Domínguez, Angelines Corrales, Gloria Santos, Isabelita Rodrigo Larruscain, Rosa Martín, Fabiana Pascual, Manolita Sánchez Bellido, Isidora Borrego, Teresa Gil, Damiana Acosta, Cándida Guerra, Irene Segura. Fila del medio (arrodilladas): Carmen Pelayo, Sagrario Iglesias, Elida Salvador, Pilar Ramírez, Inés Morales, Josefa Acosta, María Esteban Rodrigo. Fila inferior: Sofía Bermejo, ¡¡menda!!, María Sánchez, María Gómez, Carmen Portilla, Teresa Sánchez Rodero, Mary Martin (alias rubia -pelos), Regina Blanco, Antolina Nieto Rosingana.Metodología: Esta fotografía pertenece al Álbum número 4 de Carmen Martín Gaite. Hay una copia en ACMG,90,5