The news gap in the «triple digital agenda»: The different interests of media, audience and networks

Digital transformations entail continually reviewing the various Communication models and processes. The influence of the media themselves as agenda setters for an ever more active audience and social networks that select and make certain content they receive viral are also affected by such a convergent context. This current research analyses a model called here the ‘triple agenda’ within the media themselves, in which the journalistic criterion of relevance and their audience’s preferences in the web and the networks travel along different paths. The proposal includes the users and the viral effect as influencing agents in the shape and selection of news, generating a news gap of interests between the media and their audiences. In order to test this model, we study an exploratory case in ElPaís.es, applying a content analysis to the information (n=420) distributed among the online front page, what is most read by the audience in its webpage, and the most viral in its Twitter account. The main objective is to check whether or not these three spheres of relevance operate independently, showing different informative interests f rom the thematic selection that the medium establishes f rom its agenda, its audience and its social networks. The results confirm that there is a gap in the informative interests of the three spheres analysed, especially between the agenda marked by the medium and the interests that are reflected in their web audience, which is more attracted to soft news and the clickbait technique; while there is a greater coincidence of interests between the newspaper’s front page and the users’ selection in their social networks.Las transformaciones digitales conllevan una revisión permanente de los modelos y procesos de la Comunicación. En este contexto convergente también se ve afectada la propia influencia de los medios como fijadores de la agenda frente a una audiencia cada vez más activa y unas redes sociales que seleccionan y viralizan el contenido que les llega. La presente investigación analiza un modelo denominado aquí de ‘triple agenda’ dentro de los propios medios, en los que discurren de manera diferente el criterio periodístico de relevancia y las preferencias de su audiencia en la web y las redes. La propuesta incluye a los usuarios y el efecto de la viralidad como actores influyentes en la conformación y selección noticiosa, generando una brecha, o news gap, de intereses informativos entre el medio y su audiencia. Para poner a prueba este modelo, se recurre a un estudio de caso exploratorio en ElPaís.es, aplicando un análisis de contenido de sus informaciones (n=420), distribuidas entre la portada online, lo más leído por la audiencia en su web y lo más viralizado en su Twitter. El objetivo principal es comprobar si estas tres esferas de relevancia temática operan, o no, de forma independiente, mostrando intereses informativos dispares entre la selección temática que establece el medio desde su agenda, de su audiencia y de las redes. Los resultados confirman una brecha en el interés informativo de las tres esferas analizadas, especialmente entre la agenda que marca el medio y los intereses que reflejan su audiencia web, más atraída por las soft news y las técnicas del clickbait, mientras que existe una mayor coincidencia de intereses entre la portada periodística y la selección de los usuarios en sus redes sociales

Multimedia news storytelling: semiotic-narratological foundations

Research about multimedia news storytelling contains several empirical studies, but these lack a theoretical foundation. This article proposes a transdisciplinary foundation of multimedia news storytelling, based on semiotics and narratology. First, the bases of multimedia news storytelling are explained using a hypothetical-deductive methodology and the semiotic categories of ideation-composition-reception. Second, based on narratology, the multimedia storytelling process is described, starting from the pre-compositive stage, in which journalists assemble the stories, to the final stage of navigation by the participatory users. The combination of both theoretical foundations allows us to explain the nature of multimedia news storytelling, based on three elements: 1) syntactic coherence between the multiple languages used, 2) open and collective authorship, and 3) participatory reception by the audience

Los efectos de la primera fase del EEES en la enseñanza del periodismo en España: mayor especialización y formación práctica

Este artículo ofrece un estudio comparativo de los programas de Licenciatura y Grado de 35 universidades españolas con titulación de Periodismo mediante un análisis de contenido cuantitativo y cualitativo de 66 planes de estudio con el objetivo de conocer los efectos de la primera fase del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) y su adaptación al nuevo entorno mediático. La investigación ofrece resultados desde cuatro perspectivas concretas: el mapa de la oferta actual de la enseñanza del Grado en Periodismo, el cambio de contenido en los planes de estudio, la continuidad o renovación general de los programas y el perfil formativo para los nuevos medios. La principal conclusión es que existe un cambio progresivo de tendencia formativa de los periodistas en España con un aumento de la enseñanza práctica-especializada y un recorte del contenido teórico-multidisciplinar. Al mismo tiempo, la investigación evidencia una limitada incorporación de asignaturas obligatorias de nuevas tecnologías para la formación en nuevos perfiles profesionales

Situación de la brucelosis humana en España

Se presenta la situación epidemiológica de la brucelosis en España, según los datos del Sistema de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (EDO) y del Sistema de Brotes. La tasa de incidencia en 2011 fue de 0,22 casos/100.000 habitantes. En ese año se produjo un brote por consumo de leche infectada y tres brotes por contacto con animales enfermos. Esta zoonosis está asociada fundamentalmente al ámbito rural y ganadero, y su incidencia ha disminuido de forma notable los últimos años debido a las campañas de saneamiento

UNDERSTOREY CHANGES COMPOSITION AFTER TEMPERATE KELP FOREST COLLAPSE BUT KEEPS RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY

Kelps are foundation species that provide important ecosystem services in temperate rocky shores worldwide. Similarly to terrestrial forests, healthy kelp forests are structurally complex as they are often arranged as patches composed by a multi-layered understorey of algae aggregations with different canopy adaptations. Over the last decades, several studies have reported a global kelp forest degradation, turning seascapes dominated by complex forest into structurally simpler mats of low-laying seaweeds. In NW Spain, golden kelp (Laminaria ochroleuca) canopy forests have recently receded within the limits of a MPA. This paradoxical loss inside a MPA allowed us to investigate the consequences of kelp forest collapse for other members of the biotic community, using nearby healthy kelp forest outside the MPA as a control. To assess these changes, four degraded sites within the MPA and four healthy kelp forest in nearby areas were sampled year round to assess the seasonal dynamics of understorey algae. Healthy and degraded kelp reefs had significantly different understorey assemblage compositions. However, unlike our expectations, these differences had little to none impact on the richness and diversity of the understorey assemblage. Moreover, understory differences were only perceptible when the assemblages were compared at the lowest taxonomic resolution (species). Unlike other studies, comparisons based on functional groups (canopy, sub-canopy, turf and crust) failed to detect any significant difference between healthy and degraded kelp forest

Narrativa periodística multimedia: fundamentos semiótico-narratológicos

La investigación en torno a la narrativa periodística multimedia cuenta con algunos estudios empíricos, pero adolece todavía de una débil fundamentación teórica. El presente artículo propone una fundamentación transdisciplinar de la narrativa periodística multimedia, a partir de la Semiótica y de la Narratología. Mediante un método hipotético-deductivo se explican, en primer lugar, las bases del relato multimedia desde un modelo semiótico, basado en las categorías de ideación-composición-recepción. En segundo lugar, empleando la teoría narratológica, se describe el proceso narrativo multimedia desde la fase pre-compositiva, en la que los periodistas ensamblan los relatos, hasta la fase final de navegación por parte de los usuarios participativos. La combinación de ambos fundamentos teóricos permite dar cuenta de la naturaleza del relato periodístico multimedia, sobre la base de tres elementos: 1) coherencia sintáctica en el multilenguaje, 2) autoría abierta y colectiva, y 3) recepción participativa por parte de la audiencia.Research about multimedia news storytelling contains several empirical studies, but these lack a theoretical foundation. This article proposes a transdisciplinary foundation of multimedia news storytelling, based on semiotics and narratology. First, the bases of multimedia news storytelling are explained using a hypothetical-deductive methodology and the semiotic categories of ideation-composition-reception. Second, based on narratology, the multimedia storytelling process is described, starting from the pre-compositive stage, in which journalists assemble the stories, to the final stage of navigation by the participatory users. The combination of both theoretical foundations allows us to explain the nature of multimedia news storytelling, based on three elements: 1) syntactic coherence between the multiple languages used, 2) open and collective authorship, and 3) participatory reception by the audience

Gz mediates the long-lasting desensitization of brain CB1 receptors and is essential for cross-tolerance with morphine

Abstract Background Although the systemic administration of cannabinoids produces antinociception, their chronic use leads to analgesic tolerance as well as cross-tolerance to morphine. These effects are mediated by cannabinoids binding to peripheral, spinal and supraspinal CB1 and CB2 receptors, making it difficult to determine the relevance of each receptor type to these phenomena. However, in the brain, the CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) are expressed at high levels in neurons, whereas the expression of CB2Rs is marginal. Thus, CB1Rs mediate the effects of smoked cannabis and are also implicated in emotional behaviors. We have analyzed the production of supraspinal analgesia and the development of tolerance at CB1Rs by the direct injection of a series of cannabinoids into the brain. The influence of the activation of CB1Rs on supraspinal analgesia evoked by morphine was also evaluated. Results Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of cannabinoid receptor agonists, WIN55,212-2, ACEA or methanandamide, generated a dose-dependent analgesia. Notably, a single administration of these compounds brought about profound analgesic tolerance that lasted for more than 14 days. This decrease in the effect of cannabinoid receptor agonists was not mediated by depletion of CB1Rs or the loss of regulated G proteins, but, nevertheless, it was accompanied by reduced morphine analgesia. On the other hand, acute morphine administration produced tolerance that lasted only 3 days and did not affect the CB1R. We found that both neural mu-opioid receptors (MORs) and CB1Rs interact with the HINT1-RGSZ module, thereby regulating pertussis toxin-insensitive Gz proteins. In mice with reduced levels of these Gz proteins, the CB1R agonists produced no such desensitization or morphine cross-tolerance. On the other hand, experimental enhancement of Gz signaling enabled an acute icv administration of morphine to produce a long-lasting tolerance at MORs that persisted for more than 2 weeks, and it also impaired the analgesic effects of cannabinoids. Conclusion In the brain, cannabinoids can produce analgesic tolerance that is not associated with the loss of surface CB1Rs or their uncoupling from regulated transduction. Neural specific Gz proteins are essential mediators of the analgesic effects of supraspinal CB1R agonists and morphine. These Gz proteins are also responsible for the long-term analgesic tolerance produced by single doses of these agonists, as well as for the cross-tolerance between CB1Rs and MORs.</p

Assessing the feeding ecology of three sympatric squids Illex argentinus, Doryteuthis gahi and Onykia ingens off the Patagonian by combining stomach content and stable isotopic analysis

The Ommastrephidae Illex argentinus, the Loliginidae Doryteuthis gahi and the Onychoteuthidae Onikya ingens are squid species coexisting in the south part of the Patagonian Shelf, interacting for similar feeding resources. In the present study, we analyzed the feeding ecology, trophic position and trophic relationships of these three species by combining stomach content and stable isotopic approximations. In particular, stomach content and isotopic analysis were carried out on 20 D. gahi, 20 I. argentinus and 21 O. ingens collected from May 6th and 8th 2013 at depths between 147 and 220 m. The results indicated that the feeding habits of small and larger squids were different in the three species. The two main prey species for small D. gahi individuals were the euphausid Euphausia sp. and the amphipod Eutemisto gaudichaudi, and the main prey for larger D. gahi individuals were a fish and the Munididae Munida subrugosa. The main prey group of small I. argentinus individuals was the amphipod E. gaudichaudi and the myctophid fish, and the main prey for larger size I. argentinus individuals were the paralepididae Arctozenus risso and the Notothenidae Patagonotothen ramsayi, secondly by the squid group. Small O. ingens individuals fed on Micromesistius australis and Notophysis marginata while larger O. ingens individuals fed on Lampanyctus australis and Notoscopelus sp. D. gahi showed higher δ15N values than the other two species and small and larger D. gahi individuals showed similar isotopic values. The δ15N values of I. argentinus and O. ingens were higher for larger individuals. Finally, D. gahi differed in its δ13C values from I. argentinus and O. ingens and the less depleted δ13C values were found in the larger in D. gahi individuals. The results indicate that the three squid species preyed on organisms with similar trophic position, but due to their voracity and their active predation on similar trophic resources, small size individuals segregate their trophic niche from the larger ones. It is important to note that the δ13C values revealed that larger D. gahi individuals had a different distribution in the water column, which probably is a response of the reproductive activity of mature squid near to the surface water.Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Méxic