Patent networks, collaboration patterns, and national innovation systems. Sweden and Spain during the Second Industrial Revolution

Sweden and Spain have developed very distinct systems of innovation over the long term. The former has a highly innovative economy while the latter drags serious problems in science and technology. However, during the first half of the nineteenth century both countries were latecomers to the industrial revolution in the European periphery with similar economic, technological, and institutional challenges ahead. In this paper, we hypothesize that one possible reason for this long-term divergence lies in the different collaboration patterns that emerge from interactions among innovative agents. To analyse such cooperation patterns we apply social network analysis methods and study co-patent networks in Sweden and Spain during the second industrial revolution (1878-1914). The results demonstrate that collaboration among innovators and openness to foreign influence was greater in Sweden than in Spain. This research opens new paths for further studies both on economic history and innovation networks dynamic

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of humic and fulvic acids after acid hydrolysis

Two soil humic acids (HA), a marine sediment HA, and a soil fulvic acid (FA), were fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of denaturing agents before and after 6N HCl hydrolysis. After acid hydrolysis, the intensity of the high molecular size (MS) fraction decreased considerably in all HAs. On the other hand, a new high-MS fraction appeared in the FA after hydrolysis. The electrophoretic data indicate that acid hydrolysis produced a transformation in the humic macromolecule, inducing either depolymerization or condensation, depending on the nature of the humic fraction. Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of using acid hydrolysis should be carefully considered before this treatment is carried out.Peer Reviewe

Patent collaboration networks in Sweden and Spain during the Second Industrial Revolution

This article aims to analyse and compare the patent collaboration networks of Spain and Sweden during the Second Industrial Revolution, a key period for technological and industrial development in several economies and the distinct development paths taken by these two countries. The data used are from two new historical patent datasets for Spain and Sweden for the period 1878–1914. To study the structure of collaboration networks in both countries, we applied social network analysis methods and focused on two specific key network properties: connectivity and openness to external nodes. The results demonstrate that collaboration networks were better connected and more open to foreign influence in Sweden than in Spain. This research opens new paths for further multidisciplinary studies both on the evolution of industrial economies and on innovation networks dynamic

Quasispecies structure and persistence of RNA viruses.

Viral quasispecies are closely related (but nonidentical) mutant and recombinant viral genomes subjected to continuous genetic variation, competition, and selection. Quasispecies structure and dynamics of replicating RNA enable virus populations to persist in their hosts and cause disease. We review mechanisms of viral persistence in cells, organisms, and populations of organisms and suggest that the critical interplay between host and viral influences (including in some cases the quasispecies organization) is the main driving force for long-term survival of viruses in nature

Fractura avulsión aislada del ligamento cruzado posterior de la rodilla

La fractura avulsión aislada del ligamento cruzado posterior es una lesión infrecuente, que en ocasiones puede estar enmascarada por otras lesiones asociadas, y que desencadena un cuadro de inestabilidad de rodilla si no se trata adecuadamente. El tratamiento quirúrgico es el de elección en la mayoría de los casos. Presentamos 14 casos tratados en nuestro servicio, 3 de ellos conservadoramente y el resto mediante reducción abierta y fijación con tornillo, con buenos resultados funcionales.Isolated avulsion fracture of the posterior cruciate ligament is a rare injury which can be masked by associated injuries, leaving an unstable knee if not properly treated. Surgery is the elective treatment in many cases. Fourteen cases were managed, three of them nonoperative, and the others with open reduction and internal fixation with screw. Good functional results were obtained

Nuclear Physics in the Era of Quantum Computing and Quantum Machine Learning

In this paper, the application of quantum simulations and quantum machine learning to solve low-energy nuclear physics problems is explored. The use of quantum computing to deal with nuclear physics problems is, in general, in its infancy and, in particular, the use of quantum machine learning in the realm of nuclear physics at low energy is almost nonexistent. We present here three specific examples where the use of quantum computing and quantum machine learning provides, or could provide in the future, a possible computational advantage: i) the determination of the phase/shape in schematic nuclear models, ii) the calculation of the ground state energy of a nuclear shell model-type Hamiltonian and iii) the identification of particles or the determination of trajectories in nuclear physics experiments.Comment: Submitted to the special issue "Quantum Machine Learning" of the journal Advanced Quantum Technologie

Study on the effects of using a carbon dioxide atmosphere on the properties of vine shoots-derived biochar

This study analyzes the effects of using a different atmosphere (pure N2 or pure CO2) at two levels of absolute pressure (0.1 and 1.1 MPa) on the pyrolysis of vine shoots at a constant peak temperature of 600 °C. Recycling CO2 from residual flue gases into the pyrolysis process may be economically beneficial, since CO2 can replace the use of an expensive N2 environment. In addition, the use of a moderate pressure (e.g., 1.1 MPa) can result in higher carbonization efficiencies and an improvement in the pyrolysis gas (in terms of yield and composition). Results from our study suggest that the use of CO2 instead of N2 as pyrolysis environment led to similar carbonization efficiencies (i.e., fixed-carbon yields) and mass yields of biochar. The chemical properties related to the potential stability of biochar (i.e., fixed-carbon content and molar H:C and O:C ratios) were very similar for both pyrolysis atmospheres. Under an atmosphere of CO2, the yield of produced CO2 was drastically decreased at the expense of an increase in the yield of CO, probably as a consequence of the promotion of the reverse Boudouard reaction, especially at high pressure. The enhanced reverse Boudouard reaction can also explain the relatively high BET specific surface area and the macro-porosity development observed for the biochar produced under a CO2 environment at 1.1 MPa. In summary, the pressurized pyrolysis of biomass under an atmosphere of CO2 appears as a very interesting route to produce highly stable and porous biochars and simultaneously improving the yield of CO

La peritación psiquiátrica en drogodependencias.

Las peritaciones psiquiátricas más usuales en temas de drogodependencias tienen lugar en casos de alcohólicos o de heroinómanos en asuntos del Derecho Penal, con vistas a dilucidar si cuando el sujeto cometió el delito por el que se le juzga presentaba o no algún tipo de intoxicación aguda, síndrome de abstinencia u otro trastorno mental orgánico asociado al uso de esas sustancias que pudiera ser circunstancia eximente o atenuante de su responsabilidad penal. Sin embargo, la utilidad de la peritación psiquiátrica en drogodependientes se extiende a otras ramas del Derecho, como es el caso de la incapacitación, del internamiento forzoso, de la separación matrimonial o de la guardia y custodia de los hijos en el Derecho Civil, y del despido o de la invalidez en el Derecho laboral

La peritación psiquiátrica en drogodependencias.

Las peritaciones psiquiátricas más usuales en temas de drogodependencias tienen lugar en casos de alcohólicos o de heroinómanos en asuntos del Derecho Penal, con vistas a dilucidar si cuando el sujeto cometió el delito por el que se le juzga presentaba o no algún tipo de intoxicación aguda, síndrome de abstinencia u otro trastorno mental orgánico asociado al uso de esas sustancias que pudiera ser circunstancia eximente o atenuante de su responsabilidad penal. Sin embargo, la utilidad de la peritación psiquiátrica en drogodependientes se extiende a otras ramas del Derecho, como es el caso de la incapacitación, del internamiento forzoso, de la separación matrimonial o de la guardia y custodia de los hijos en el Derecho Civil, y del despido o de la invalidez en el Derecho laboral