The development of the sea navigation radar at the beginning of Francoism

En este artículo se estudia el desarrollo de la tecnología radar en España durante los primeros años del franquismo. Se estudian las especificaciones técnicas de los prototipos desarrollados por el equipo del Instituto Nacional de Electrónica (INE) del que formaban parte un grupo de ingenieros alemanes que habían trabajado en el radar alemán durante la II Guerra Mundial. Se muestra en este artículo la problemática y la motivación que llevó al INE a trabajar en estos prototipos y se contextualizan los mismos con respecto al estado de la tecnología de la épocaThis paper shows the development of the radar technology in Spain during the first years of Francoism. It is studied the technical specifications of the prototypes developed by the Electronic National Institute (Instituto Nacional de Electrónica, INE). One of its teams consists of a group of German engineers who had worked in the German radar during World War II. The problematic and motivation which drive the INE to work in these prototypes are shown, and they are contextualized with respect to the state of the technology at that tim

Poe in the comic book: adaptations and influences

En este artículo se muestra la relación de E.A. Poe con el mundo del cómic. Esta es una relación que va más allá de la abundante, tanto cuantitativa como cualitativamente, traslación que de su obra se ha realizado al medio de la narrativa gráfica, y que también incluye la gran influencia que tuvo el autor en los primeros comic-books americanos y, particularmente, en un género de cómic de una gran difusión como es el cómic de horror y misterio cuya estructura está basada en las historias cortas. También se cubre en este artículo la presencia de Poe, en algunas historias, como un personaje más de cómic, mostrando que la trascendencia de la personalidad del autor es, en cierta medida, tan importante como la de su obra.The relationship between E.A. Poe and the comic’s world is shown in this paper. This is a relationship which not only goes beyond the abundant, both quantitatively and qualitatively, translation of his work to the graphic narrative medium, but also includes the big influence that the author had in the initial American comic-books and, particularly, in a comic genre with a big audience as the horror and mystery comic-book whose structure is based on short stories. The presence of Poe, in some stories, as a simple comic character is also covered in this paper, showing that the transcendence of the author’s personality is, to a certain extent, as important as his wor

Health Care Costs Associated to Type of Feeding in the First Year of Life

Background: Breastfeeding is associated with lower risk of infectious diseases, leading to fewer hospital admissions and pediatrician consultations. It is cost saving for the health care system, however, it is not usually estimated from actual cohorts but via simulation studies. Methods: A cohort of 970 children was followed-up for twelve months. Data on mother characteristics, pregnancy, delivery and neonate characteristics were obtained from medical records. The type of neonate feeding at discharge, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months of life was reported by the mothers. Infectious diseases diagnosed in the first year of life, hospital admissions, primary care and emergency room consultations and drug treatments were obtained from neonate medical records. Health care costs were attributed using public prices and All Patients Refined?Diagnosis Related Groups (APR?DRG) classification. Results: Health care costs in the first year of life were higher in children artificially fed than in those breastfed (1339.5€, 95% confidence interval (CI): 903.0?1775.0 for artificially fed vs. 443.5€, 95% CI: 193.7?694.0 for breastfed). The breakdown of costs also shows differences in primary care consultations (295.7€ for formula fed children vs. 197.9€ for breastfed children), emergency room consultations (260.1€ for artificially fed children vs. 196.2€ for breastfed children) and hospital admissions (791.6€ for artificially fed children vs. 86.9€ for breastfed children). Conclusions: Children artificially fed brought about more health care costs related to infectious diseases than those exclusively breastfed or mixed breastfed. Excess costs were caused in hospital admissions, primary care consultations, emergency room consultations and drug consumptionThis research has been subsidized by the Valdecilla Health Research Institute (IDIVAL). Project awarded as the best project to be developed in Cantabria in the 19th call for research projects “Enfermería Valdecilla”. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Factors associated with duration of breastfeeding in Spain: a cohort study

Background: Factors associated with duration of breastfeeding have been usually studied at specific times after birth. Little is known about how much time is added to breastfeeding by each associated factor. Methods: A cohort of 969 mother-child dyads was followed-up for twelve months at the Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Spain, in 2018. Data on mother characteristics, pregnancy, delivery and children characteristics were obtained from medical records. Length of breastfeeding was reported by the mothers and recorded in paediatric medical record at hospital discharge and 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months of life. Factors associated with duration of breastfeeding were analysed via multivariate Weibull regression parameterized as accelerated time of failure. Results are presented as time ratios. Results: About four out of five children were breastfed at hospital discharge, although this proportion dropped to 65% in children born from smoker women, 70% in preterm children and 68% in neonates weighting less than 2500 g. Mother´s age was associated with longer breastfeeding, adding 2% more breastfeeding time per year (adjusted time ratio 1.02; 95% confidence interval 1.00, 1.04). Children born from mothers with university studies were breastfed 53% more time than those born from mothers with primary studies (adjusted time ratio 1.53; 95% confidence interval 1.21, 1.95); smoking in pregnancy decreased length of breastfeeding by 41% (adjusted time ratio 0.59; 95% confidence interval 0.46, 0.76). Other factors associated with longer breastfeeding were single pregnancy and newborn weight over 2500 g. Conclusions: Analysing factors associated with duration of breastfeeding as time parameters allows us to quantify the amount of time gained or lost by each factor, which could make it easier to evaluate the relevance of programmes directed to promote facilitating breastfeeding factors.This research has been subsidized by the Valdecilla Health Research Institute (IDIVAL). Project awarded as the best project to be developed in Cantabria in the 19th call for research projects “Enfermería Valdecilla”. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

At This Theatre Next Week!:: Relaciones intermediales entre el cómic y el serial cinematográfico de los años 30 y 40

Resumen: En este artículo se muestra la estrecha relación que en los años 30 y 40 del siglo XX se estableció entre el cómic y el serial cinematográfico. Se explora la importancia del cómic tanto a nivel cuantitativo, con la gran producción de películas seriales basadas en cómics, como cualitativo, con la interrelación que se produjo a nivel narrativo entre el modelo de serialidad infinita de las tiras de prensa y el modelo narrativo de los seriales. Se produjo una relación intermedial a nivel industrial que fue fundamental a la hora del desarrollo de los seriales y que tiene muchos paralelismos con el modelo de franquicias que domina el panorama audiovisual en nuestros días. Abstract: This paper shows the close relationship that was established between the comic and the movie serials in the 1930s and 1940s. The importance of comics is explored both quantitatively, with the great production of serial films based on comics, and qualitatively with the interrelation that occurred at a narrative level between the open ended narrative model of the comic strips and the narrative model of the serials. There was an intermedia relationship at the industrial level that was essential when it came to developing the serials and that has many parallels with the franchise model that dominates the audiovisual scene today

EDITORIAL PARA TEBEOSFERA, TERCERA ÉPOCA. Nº 3

Editorial del numero 3 de la tercera época de la revista Tebeosfera, especial dedicado a las tiras de prens

Preservació del patrimoni del còmic : la Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum

En aquest article es presenta una institució dedicada a la preservació i a l'estudi del còmic, fonamentalment dels clàssics nord-americans publicats en tires de premsa: la Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum de l'Ohio State University. Aquesta institució es caracteritza pel seu caràcter únic pel que fa a la conservació del patrimoni artístic de la historieta. S'analitzen les dificultats que té la conservació de la documentació d'un mitjà tradicionalment considerat dins de la cultura popular i es mostra un exemple d'una de les col·leccions conservades a l'arxiu de la biblioteca, cosa que permet entendre la quantitat i la varietat de material que s'ha de conservar en un arxiu d'aquest tipus. This article provides an introduction to the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum of the Ohio State University. This research library is dedicated to the study of North American cartoons and comic art and has important collections in such areas as the classic daily comics and the Sunday strips of the press. The library is also unique in its work in conservation, and the article analyzes the difficulties involved in conserving documents produced in what are traditionally considered popular, disposable media. It also examines one of the library’s collections, which gives the reader a sense of the variety and volume of the material held in this kind of institution