Environmental Disaster in the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain in the Context of Global Climate Change: Legal Approaches and Methods to Decrease the Gravity of the Problem

Based on the specific practical material related to one of the regions of Russia, the article examines the negative consequences for the environment and population caused by the global climate change. Mitigation and adaptation are two models of the national environmental policy which can be considered as the countermeasures. There are more possibilities to mitigate the consequences of climate change at the international and national levels; as well the governmental authorities of the federal entities are able to implement effectively the adaptation strategies. The solution of this task will require some efforts from the representatives of the whole scientific society, from biological and technical sciences to social and humanitarian ones. It can be explained by the complexity of this new challenge to the humankind of XXI century, which can be met only if the public morality is changed and the environmental ignorance is eliminated. With regard to Russia it is urgently required to develop new approaches to the organization of the economic mechanism in order to counteract the consequences of climate change, to reform the existing model of federalism, to develop new concepts and methods to compensate for any damages caused by global climate change, to keep the development of the theory of environmental disaster zones

Environmental Disaster in the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain in the Context of Global Climate Change: Legal Approaches and Methods to Decrease the Gravity of the Problem

Based on the specific practical material related to one of the regions of Russia, the article examines the negative consequences for the environment and population caused by the global climate change. Mitigation and adaptation are two models of the national environmental policy which can be considered as the countermeasures. There are more possibilities to mitigate the consequences of climate change at the international and national levels; as well the governmental authorities of the federal entities are able to implement effectively the adaptation strategies. The solution of this task will require some efforts from the representatives of the whole scientific society, from biological and technical sciences to social and humanitarian ones. It can be explained by the complexity of this new challenge to the humankind of XXI century, which can be met only if the public morality is changed and the environmental ignorance is eliminated. With regard to Russia it is urgently required to develop new approaches to the organization of the economic mechanism in order to counteract the consequences of climate change, to reform the existing model of federalism, to develop new concepts and methods to compensate for any damages caused by global climate change, to keep the development of the theory of environmental disaster zones

Многоуровневые инъекции ботулинического токсина типа А (Абоботулотоксина) при лечении спастических форм детского церебрального паралича: ретроспективное исследование опыта 8 российских центров

Background: The contemporary application of Botulinum toxin A (BTA) in cerebral palsy (CP) implies multilevel injections both in on-label and off-label muscles. However, there is no single international opinion on the effective and safe dosages, target muscles, and intervals between the injections.Objective: Our aim was to analyze the Russian multicenter independent experience of single and repeated multilevel injections of Abobotulinum toxin А in patients with spastic forms of CP.Methods: 8 independent referral CP-centers (10 hospitals) in different regions of Russia. Authors evaluated intervals between the injections, dosages of the BTA for the whole procedure, for the body mass, for the each muscle, and functional segment of the extremities.Results: 1872 protocols of effective BTA injections (1–14 repeated injections) for 724 patients with spastic CP were included. The age of the patients was between 8 months to 17 years 4 months at the beginning of the treatment (with a mean of 3 years 10 months). Multilevel BTA injections were indicated for the majority (n = 634, 87.6%) of the patients in all the centers. The medians of the dosages for the first BTA injection were between 30–31 U/kg (500 U), the repeated injections doses up to 45 U/kg (1000 U) (in most centers). The median intervals between the repeated injections were 180–200 days in 484 (66.9%) patients and 140–180 days in 157 (24.7%) patients. In 2 centers, children with GMFCS IV–V were injected more often than others.Conclusion: Multilevel BTA injections were indicated for the most patients. The initial dose of Abobotulinum toxin A was 30–31 U/kg. The repeated injections dose could increase up to 40 U/kg. The repeated injections were done in 140–200 days after the previous injection.Современная концепция ботулинотерапии при детском церебральном параличе (ДЦП) предлагает использование многоуровневых инъекций в расширенное число мышц. Однако по-прежнему отсутствует консенсус относительно выбора оптимальных доз, мышц и интервалов между инъекциями.Цель исследования: изучить российский опыт применения однократных и повторных многоуровневых инъекций абоботулотоксина при лечении спастичности у пациентов с ДЦП.Методы: в ретроспективном исследовании проанализирован опыт ботулинотерапии при ДЦПв 8 специализированных центрах России. Изучали протоколы клинически эффективных инъекций. Оценивали общие дозы препарата БТА, дозы на единицу массы тела пациентов, на всю инъекционную сессию и отдельные мышцы, а также интервалы между инъекциями.Результаты: изучено 1872 протокола клинически эффективных инъекций, всего от 1 до 14 повторных инъекций, сделанных 724 пациентам в возрасте от 8 мес до 17 лет 4 мес (медиана возраста на момент первой инъекции БТА — 3 года 10 мес) на момент начала ботулинотерапии. Большинство пациентов (n = 634; 87,6% инъекций) получили многоуровневую ботулинотерапию. Во всех центрах при первичных инъекциях БТА медиана доз находилась в пределах 30–31 Ед/кг массы тела (общая — 500 Ед). При повторных инъекциях в большинстве учреждений максимальные дозы превышали 45 Ед/кг (1000 Ед). Средние интервалы между повторными инъекциями колебались в пределах 140–180 сут для 157 (24,7%) и 180–200 сут для 484 (66,9%) пациентов. В 2 из 8 центров пациенты с наиболее выраженными двигательными нарушениями (GMFCS IV–V) требовали более частых повторных инъекций БТА.Заключение: в специализированных центрах большинству пациентов с ДЦП ботулинотерапию проводили по многоуровневой схеме. Общая доза абоботулотоксина при первичных инъекциях составляла 30–31 Ед/кг; при повторных инъекциях она могла быть увеличена до 40 Ед/кг и более. Вопрос о повторном проведении инъекции БТА рассматривался в интервале 140–200 сут после предшествующей инъекции

Phase Transitions in Layered Diguanidinium Hexachlorostannate(IV)

Five crystalline phases of diguanidinium hexachlorostannate­(IV), [C­(NH₂)₃]₂­SnCl₆, have been identified and characterized by calorimetric and dielectric measurements, single crystal X-ray diffraction at atmospheric and high pressure, and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. The crystal structures of all phases are built of similar layers in which the tin hexachloride anions are connected to the guanidinium cations by N–H···Cl hydrogen bonds, forming double H-bonded sheets. The layers, neutral as a whole, interact primarily by Coulombic forces between the ions from the opposing H-bonded sheets, and through the van der Waals contacts. From water solution the compound crystallizes at room temperature in phase III of space group <i>C</i>2/<i>c</i>. On heating, this phase transforms between 375 and 455 K to the high-temperature phase I of space group <i>P</i>1̅, either immediately or through the intermediate phase II of the same space group <i>P</i>1̅. The temperature range of phase II enhances meaningfully at elevated pressure, which made possible the high-pressure crystallization of this phase and determination of its structure. Different transition paths can be realized when the crystal is cooled from phase I: the reverse transition occurs in the monoclinic phase III or in the monoclinic phase IV (space group <i>C</i>2/<i>m</i>), or in the phase V of space group <i>P</i>1̅. In all phases the layered structure of the crystal is preserved, while the arrangement of the layers is different. The transitions involve also transformations in the networks of N–H···Cl hydrogen bonds. The large volume (∼3%) and entropy (∼<i>R</i> ln 3) change at the transition between phases II and III, and the giant pressure coefficient of −755 K GPa^–1, indicate a great potential of this material for applications in solid-state cooling systems