Dance development data of the Java sparrow

Name of each sheet corresponds to the table number

Data from: Early-life lessons of the courtship dance in a dance-duetting songbird, the Java sparrow

Vocal-learners, such as songbirds, must practice singing in a developmentally sensitive period to master songs. Yet, knowledge remains limited about the development of visual displays in birds, even when courtship includes well-coordinated vocalizations (songs) and body motions. The Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora) is a species of songbird that exhibits a courtship duet dancing exchange between the sexes, with this behaviour driving mating success. In this study, juvenile male Java sparrows were observed in captivity, showing that they repeatedly practice the courtship dance in their early life. We called it ‘practice’, as juvenile birds frequently dance towards family members or other juveniles well before sexual maturation. Based on our observation that dance motor performance increased with age, we assume that the practice is needed for motor training. In addition, it could also be important for establishing vocal-motional coordination or socialization. Older juveniles gradually became capable of singing and dancing simultaneously, and participated in duet dancing more often. We also found that repeated encounters with the same individual promote dance movement. Though our results do not show how much social experiences account for the development of dance communication, early-life dance practicing might influence future reproductive success, like song practicing does so

Early-life lessons of the courtship dance in a dance-duetting songbird, the Java sparrow

Vocal learners, such as songbirds, must practise singing in a developmentally sensitive period to master songs. Yet, knowledge remains limited about the development of visual displays in birds, even when courtship includes wellcoordinated vocalizations (songs) and body motions. The Java sparrow (Lorichura oryzivora) is a species of songbird that exhibits a courtship duet dancing exchange between the sexes, with this behaviour driving mating success. In this study, juvenile male Java sparrows were observed in captivity, showing that they repeatedly practise the courtship dance in their early life. We called it 'practice', as juvenile birds frequently dance towards family members or other juveniles well before sexual maturation. Based on our observation that dance motor performance increased with age, we propose that the practice is needed for motor learning. In addition, it could also be important for establishing vocal-motional coordination or socialization. Older juveniles gradually became capable of singing and dancing simultaneously, and participated in duet dancing more often. We also found that repeated encounters with the same individual promote dance movement. Though our results do not show how much social experiences account for the development of dance communication, early-life dance practising might influence future reproductive success, like song practising does

Data from: Early-life lessons of the courtship dance in a dance-duetting songbird, the Java sparrow

Vocal-learners, such as songbirds, must practice singing in a developmentally sensitive period to master songs. Yet, knowledge remains limited about the development of visual displays in birds, even when courtship includes well-coordinated vocalizations (songs) and body motions. The Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora) is a species of songbird that exhibits a courtship duet dancing exchange between the sexes, with this behaviour driving mating success. In this study, juvenile male Java sparrows were observed in captivity, showing that they repeatedly practice the courtship dance in their early life. We called it ‘practice’, as juvenile birds frequently dance towards family members or other juveniles well before sexual maturation. Based on our observation that dance motor performance increased with age, we assume that the practice is needed for motor training. In addition, it could also be important for establishing vocal-motional coordination or socialization. Older juveniles gradually became capable of singing and dancing simultaneously, and participated in duet dancing more often. We also found that repeated encounters with the same individual promote dance movement. Though our results do not show how much social experiences account for the development of dance communication, early-life dance practicing might influence future reproductive success, like song practicing does so

Swept-source optical coherence tomographic findings in eyes with metastatic choroidal tumor

Purpose: To report the swept-source optical coherence tomographic (OCT) findings in two eyes with choroidal metastases. Observations: Two patients with choroidal metastasis were studied. The metastasis was from a breast cancer in Case 1 and from a lung cancer in Case 2. In Case 1, swept-source OCT showed a highly reflective solid tumor with low optical reflective tissues that had replaced the choroidal tissue. Swept-source OCT was able to image the choroidal mass where other fundus imaging methods such as fluorescein angiography did not show the mass. Ophthalmoscopy of Case 2 showed hemorrhages in the inner retina, on the tumor, and in the vitreous. Swept-source OCT showed a subretinal mass with a steeple-crowned cap and a ruptured Bruch's membrane on the tumor. Conclusion and importance: Swept-source OCT imaging can detect the inner structure of a choroidal mass and retina around it in good detail