Wishes of Children With ADHD

Understanding the desires and motivations of children with ADHD is important in helping them thrive. Their inner worlds, however, have not been well captured. The Three Wishes task provides minimal cues and structure to elicit their desires and hopes in an unbiased manner. The wishes of 299 school-aged children with ADHD (193 boys, aged 6–12) were elicited during a research diagnostic assessment. We developed a coding scheme to characterize different aspects of their wishes, including beneficiary, valence, and immediacy. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, adapted to take account of the participants’ ages, was used to identify the motivations underlying the children’s wishes. As expected, many of the wishes reported were for immediate fulfillment, with many reflecting material desires. Affiliative wishes, highlighting the children’s desire for positive interpersonal relationships, were also common. There was some evidence for self-actualization/self-betterment goals and a small number of altruistic wishes. A word cloud presents the content of the children’s wishes grouped according to this hierarchy. This study highlights the diversity and typicality of the self-reported needs, desires and hopes of children with ADHD. It also serves as a timely reminder of the value of seeking such information directly from children themselves

Fluid Permeability in Stratified Unconsolidated Particulate Bed

Fluid permeability of polydisperse particulate bed with finite thickness has been examined. On the assumption of creeping flow, the permeability of monodisperse particles with arbitrary arrangement is calculated by means of Stokesian dynamics approach in which the interaction between individual particles and interstitial fluid is described by multipole expansion of the Oseen tensor. We have extended such calculation method to polydisperse particulate systems which have not so dense structures (up to particle volume fraction φ ~ 0.2). The particles are located infinitely in space and their interaction has been taken into account by Ewald summation technique. For the spatial distribution of polydisperse particles, we consider locally-stratified particulate beds and define stratification degree as a parameter which apparently and mathematically represents the thickness of the mixing region of different-sized particles. The permeability profiles in the particulate beds with different stratification degree show the dependence of local permeability on the spatial and size distribution of particles. Consequently, the calculation results indicate that the permeability of non-uniform polydisperse particulate bed can be predicted by integrating the local permeation resistance which is determined by the local specific surface area

Hydrodynamic diffusive behavior of fine particle assemblage passing through nonuniform granular porous media

We numerically investigated how fine particle assemblages move through pore space of granular media filled with fluid on the assumption of extremely small Reynolds number and Stokes number. We calculated the particle trajectories passing through granular bed with uniform and nonuniform structures by the Stokesian dynamics method, which can take into account hydrodynamic interactions between particles. It was observed that the particle assemblage was moving complexly while avoiding granular bed, resulting in hydrodynamic diffusion. The hydrodynamic diffusive behavior in the traveling and lateral directions was evaluated using the index D-h, which means the particles dispersion increases per unit time. By comparison with the uniform granular bed, it was found that the hydrodynamically-diffusive behavior in the nonuniform bed was quite distinctive. Particularly, in the lateral direction, the particle assemblages showed both positive and negative spreading depending on the non-uniformity. The present results indicate that the relationship between a nonuniform structure and the index D-h could be applied to various engineering processes such as separating and sorting fine particles

Quantitative evaluation of mass transfer near the edge of porous media by absorption photometry

The intensive investigation of mass transfer near the entrance (edge) of porous media by quantification of the surrounding concentration field has been performed. We have adopted a noninvasive and real-time system based on light absorption photometry for measurement of the concentration field in a quasi-two dimensional cell. This system is, in principle, applicable to the measurement of various substances due to the generality of light absorption. This measurement system was applied to a simple model of the gravity-driven transport of a substance in a fluid near the edge of a porous medium in the presence of a reaction at the surface. The temporal variation of the complicated concentration field is appropriately captured with a spatial resolution of several tens of micrometers to millimeters. Quantitative analyses revealed that the geometry of the porous edge considerably affects the convection flow and invasion of substances into the medium

Mass transfer caused by gravitational instability at reactive solid–liquid interfaces

Mass transfer in porous media has been investigated experimentally. In this paper, we present a visualization technique and discuss the behavior of a substance which transfers under the influence of gravity and reacts with the surface of porous media. Mass transfer by the reaction with porous media was demonstrated by means of electrochemical deposition experiment on particulate beds with complex structures. A copper plate (anode) and a stainless steel particulate bed (cathode) were respectively placed at the upper and bottom side of a thin vertical cell which was filled with copper sulfate solution. After the application of electricity, cupric ion which is provided from the copper plate to the solution transfers under the influence of gravity and it is consumed by deposition at the particulate bed. The behavior of ions between the electrodes was visualized by utilizing the infrared absorption characteristics of cupric ion. We observed gravitational instability and convection flow due to concentration gradient of ions in opposite direction to that of gravity, which is formed by reaction at solid-liquid interfaces. While downward flow caused by Rayleigh-Taylor instability was observed in the case of flat interfaces, upward flow generated from complex-shaped interfaces was greatly dependent on their geometry. The interaction of these flows resulted in the convection throughout the cell. Consequently, it is found from the results that the gravitational instability significantly varies the transport characteristics and that the reactive interface geometry greatly affects the overall mass transfer

Centring marginality: gender issue on confessional writing

published_or_final_versionLiterary StudiesMasterMaster of Art

Diffusive behavior of a thin particle layer in fluid by hydrodynamic interaction

The hydrodynamic effect on a thin particle layer, which moves relative to fluid by an external force, is investigated theoretically and numerically. Because of the presence of layer ends, the arrangement of particles in the layer is anisotropic and the drag force acting on them varies according to the position. The resulting relative motion of particles brings about the spreading of the layer. We have studied such a diffusive behavior of particle layers, which have various internal arrangements. We have assumed a non-Brownian system in which the particles move relatively owing to only the variance of hydrodynamic force. The hydrodynamic force on each particle was calculated by Stokesian dynamics approach. The results show that the relative motion of particles is greatly influenced by the internal arrangement of the particle layer. In consequence, the overall diffusive motion of particle layer varies with the arrangement even if the particle concentration is similar. It is in contrast to the gradient diffusion of Brownian particles