Congruence of chloroplast- and nuclear-encoded DNA sequence variations used to assess species boundaries in the soil microalga Heterococcus (Stramenopiles, Xanthophyceae).

BackgroundHeterococcus is a microalgal genus of Xanthophyceae (Stramenopiles) that is common and widespread in soils, especially from cold regions. Species are characterized by extensively branched filaments produced when grown on agarized culture medium. Despite the large number of species described exclusively using light microscopic morphology, the assessment of species diversity is hampered by extensive morphological plasticity.ResultsTwo independent types of molecular data, the chloroplast-encoded psbA/rbcL spacer complemented by rbcL gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 of the nuclear rDNA cistron (ITS2), congruently recovered a robust phylogenetic structure. With ITS2 considerable sequence and secondary structure divergence existed among the eight species, but a combined sequence and secondary structure phylogenetic analysis confined to helix II of ITS2 corroborated relationships as inferred from the rbcL gene phylogeny. Intra-genomic divergence of ITS2 sequences was revealed in many strains. The 'monophyletic species concept', appropriate for microalgae without known sexual reproduction, revealed eight different species. Species boundaries established using the molecular-based monophyletic species concept were more conservative than the traditional morphological species concept. Within a species, almost identical chloroplast marker sequences (genotypes) were repeatedly recovered from strains of different origins. At least two species had widespread geographical distributions; however, within a given species, genotypes recovered from Antarctic strains were distinct from those in temperate habitats. Furthermore, the sequence diversity may correspond to adaptation to different types of habitats or climates.ConclusionsWe established a method and a reference data base for the unambiguous identification of species of the common soil microalgal genus Heterococcus which uses DNA sequence variation in markers from plastid and nuclear genomes. The molecular data were more reliable and more conservative than morphological data

The Importance of Skill Measurement for Growth Accounting

In a growth accounting context one usually constructs a quality adjusted index of labor services by aggregating over predefined groups of workers, using the groups' relative wage bills as weights. In this article we suggest a method based on decomposing individual predicted wages into a skill-related part and a part unrelated to skill, where the former consists of both observed and unobserved components. The predicted wages, associated with individual skill attributes, are sorted and classified into deciles. The median predicted skill-related wage in each decile is used to construct an alternative skill-adjusted index of labor services. We find that Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth decreases significantly when using the latter method. This means that when using the alternative method one explains more of the growth in labor productivity than what a more traditional labor quality adjustment procedure does.wage equation, skill measures, TFP growth

Проблеми залучення іноземних інвестицій в економіку України та шляхи їх вирішення

Наук. кер.: С.С. Марочк

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВЗАЄМОЗВ'ЯЗКУ МІЖ ЧИСЕЛЬНІСТЮ ОМЕЛИ БІЛОЇ (VISCUM ALBUM L.) ТА ОМЕЛЮХА (BOMBYCILLA GARRULA L.) У МІСЬКОМУ ЛАНДШАФТІ

White mistletoe (Viscum album L.) is an evergreen hemiparasitic dwarf shrub which is known to cause deterioration of tree health. In anthropogenic landscapes of Kharkiv waxwings are the main agent distributing white mistletoe, so the definition of the relationship between the number of white mistletoe and birds of this species is relevant at this time. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine relationship between the number of the white mistletoe and its frugivoruos birds (the Waxwings) in urban landscapes. The authors carried the field survey in the city of Kharkiv (Ukraine). In this study we applied the results of dendrochronological analysis of radial increment of the Silver Mapple (Acer saccharinum L.) model trees. The changes in number of mistletoe shrubs over time and their distribution by age in retrospect were identified on the base of field data and by the application of matrix model of Viscum album population dynamic. The analysis of time series was conducted in order to determine relationships between radial growth of trees and the abundance of the Mistletoe's avian dispersers. In this study we applied parametric methods of analysis (Pearson coefficient of correlation). In the case of the city of Kharkiv, the white mistletoe number depends on the waxwing's seasonal abundance. We have got the following results. Firstly, white mistletoe sub-populations with semi-quantitative indexes "3" and "4" appeared on the host trees no later than in 1988, with semi-quantitative index "5" – no later than 1973, and with semi-quantitative indexes "6" – no than in 1954. Secondly, the autocorrelation analysis of the mistletoe and the waxwing time series proved the reliability of data. It is found that the white mistletoe number weakly relates to the abundance of the waxwing. To conclude, white mistletoe number depends on the waxwing's seasonal abundance. Further research should be directed to the developing of environmentally sound recommendations on the white mistletoe population management in urban ecosystems.Представлены результаты исследования взаимосвязи между численностью омелы белой (Viscum album L.) и свиристеля (Bombycilla garrulus L.) в городськом ландшафте. Исследования проведены в период с 1989 по 2010 гг. на территории Центрального парка культуры и отдыха им. Горького, г. Харьков (Украина). Наблюдения за омелой и свиристелями проведены по оригинальным методикам. При проведении анализа временных рядов учитывали результаты моделирования сценариев эволюции популяции омелы белой в ретроспективу и результаты дендрохронологических анализа хода роста деревьев-хозяев омелы (на примере клена серебристого (Acer saccharinum L.)). Ретроспективный анализ проведен с применением матричной модели динамики численности популяции омелы белой. При определении взаимосвязи между исследуемыми временными рядами применены параметрические методы анализа (коэффициент парной корреляции Пирсона). Обоснованно, что численность омелы белой положительно коррелирует с численностью птиц, которые распространяют семена растения-полупаразита.Наведено результати дослідження взаємозв'язку між чисельністю омели білої (Viscum album L.) та омелюха (Bombycilla garrulus L.) у міському ландшафті. Дослідження проведено в період із 1989 по 2010 рр. на території Центрального парку культури і відпочинку ім. Горького, м. Харків (Україна). Спостереження за омелою та омелюхом здійснено за оригінальними методиками. Під час аналізування часових рядів враховано результати моделювання сценаріїв еволюції популяції омели білої в ретроспективу та результати дендрохронологічного аналізу ходу росту дерев-живителів омели (на прикладі клена сріблястого (Acer saccharinum L.)). Ретроспективний аналіз проведено із застосуванням матричної моделі динаміки чисельності популяції омели білої. Для визначення взаємозв'язку між досліджуваними часовими рядами застосовано параметричні методи аналізу (коефіцієнтами парної кореляції Пірсона). Обґрунтовано, що чисельність омели білої позитивно корелює з чисельністю птахів, які поширюють насіння рослини-напівпаразита

Invading grass-like alga transforms rippled sand bars into bumpy muddy flats: arrival of a game changer in the Wadden Sea

In the wake of biological globalization, translocated species of high bio-engineering capacity increasingly change bottom topography of sedimentary coasts. A Vaucheria-taxon (Xanthophyceae) of unknown origin is spreading at the transition between intertidal and subtidal zones, while resident Vaucheria-species are confined to the upper shore in the Wadden Sea (European Atlantic). Near the island of Sylt, dense turfs of green filaments rapidly expanded over an area of 180 ha within 3 years. The unicellular filaments reach about 5 cm out of and 5 cm into the sediment. Felted rhizoids provide firm anchorage. Dry phytomass (up to 208 g m-2) was similar to that of intertidal seagrass beds. Residual filaments overwinter in the sediment and give rise to renewed growth in late spring. In addition, oospores germinate. Fine particles are trapped by the turf during summer, generating laminated cohesive mud. Muddy hummocks arise up to 20 cm above ambient sand flats, alternating with troughs but gradually merge into coherent and pertinacious plateaus of mud. This shift in bottom topography and sediment composition may potentially change the mud balance of tidal basins, and the capacity of tidal flats in catching up with accelerating sea-level rise

Релігійні організації як юридичні особи

Рибалка О. В. Релігійні організації як юридичні особи / О. В. Рибалка // Римське право як підґрунтя сучасного права Європи : матеріали Міжнар. наук.-практ. конф. (м. Одеса, 27 травня 2016 р.) / за заг. ред. Є. О. Харитонова ; НУ "ОЮА". Півд. регіон. центр НАПрН України. - Одеса : Фенікс, 2016. - С. 238-240