Calculations of the moon's heat history at different concentrations of radioactive elements taking account of the material differentiation with melting

A mathematical procedure for analyzing the heat conductivity of the lunar surface is discussed. The solution is based on homogeneous and laminated moon models and considers the effects of radioactive elements conveyed to the lunar surface by melting. The various parameters which introduce uncertainties into the numerical analysis are identified. The application of data obtained from radio astronomy and from analyses of lunar samples returned by the Apollo flights is explained. Tables of data are included to show the types and amounts of radioactive materials which have been identified

Calculations of the moon's thermal history at different concentrations of radioactive elements, taking into account differentiation on melting

Calculations of the thermal history of the moon were done by solving the thermal conductivity equation for the case in which the heat sources are the long lived radioactive elements Th, U, and K-40. The concentrations of these elements were adjusted to give 4 variations of heat flow. Calculations indicated that the moon's interior was heated to melting during the first 0.7 to 2.3 x 10 to the 9th power years. The maximum fusion involved practically the entire moon to a distance from 15 to 45 km beneath the surface, and started 3.5 to 4.0 x 10 to the 9th power years ago, or 2.5 x 3.0 x 10 to the 9th power years ago and continued for 1 to 2 x 10 to the 9th power years. The moon today is cooling. The current thickness of the solid crust is from 150 to 200 km and the heat flow exceeds the stationary value 1.5 fold

Сочетанное воздействие факторов среды на психофизическое развитие детей дошкольного возраста в столичном мегаполисе

In article problems joint influence of factors of the environment (anthropogenesis air pollution and social factors) on psycho-functional development of children of preschool age in the capital megalopolis are investigated. It is shown that chemical pollution of the environment renders braking effect on development of children of preschool age, and at joint influence of factors in group with incomplete structure of a family the importance of distinctions on decrease growth indicators in comparison with group of preschool children with full structure of a family is noted.В статье исследуются проблемы сочетанного воздействия факторов среды (антропогенное загрязнение воздуха и социальные факторы) на психофункциональное развитие детей дошкольного возраста в столичном мегаполисе. Показано, что химическое загрязнение среды оказывает тормозящий эффект на развитие детей дошкольного возраста, а при сочетанном воздействии факторов в группе с неполным составом семьи отмечается значимость различий по снижению ростовых показателей по сравнению с группой дошкольников с полным составом семьи

Anti-Terrorist Policy of France in Relation to the 2015 Events

The article considers the problem of international terrorism on the example of the terrorist attacks in France in 2015. The research includes an analysis of the main aspects of the anti-terrorist policy of the Republic — the government program “Sentinelle”; and the Intelligence Act of June 24, 2015. Special attention is paid to the activities of intelligence services.Статья посвящена проблеме международного терроризма, рассмотренной на примере терактов во Франции в 2015 г. Исследование включает в себя анализ ключевых аспектов антитерро-ристической политики республики — правительственной программы «Sentinelle» и закона о разведке от 24 июня 2015 г. Особое внимание уделено деятельности разведывательных спецслужб

The STIM1/2-Regulated Calcium Homeostasis Is Impaired in Hippocampal Neurons of the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of age-related dementia. Neuronal calcium homeostasis impairment may contribute to AD. Here we demonstrated that voltage-gated calcium (VGC) entry and store-operated calcium (SOC) entry regulated by calcium sensors of intracellular calcium stores STIM proteins are affected in hippocampal neurons of the 5xFAD transgenic mouse model. We observed excessive SOC entry in 5xFAD mouse neurons, mediated by STIM1 and STIM2 proteins with increased STIM1 contribution. There were no significant changes in cytoplasmic calcium level, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bulk calcium levels, or expression levels of STIM1 or STIM2 proteins. The potent inhibitor BTP-2 and the FDA-approved drug leflunomide reduced SOC entry in 5xFAD neurons. In turn, excessive voltage-gated calcium entry was sensitive to the inhibitor of L-type calcium channels nifedipine but not to the T-type channels inhibitor ML218. Interestingly, the depolarization-induced calcium entry mediated by VGC channels in 5xFAD neurons was dependent on STIM2 but not STIM1 protein in cells with replete Ca2+ stores. The result gives new evidence on the VGC channel modulation by STIM2. Overall, the data demonstrate the changes in calcium signaling of hippocampal neurons of the AD mouse model, which precede amyloid plaque accumulation or other signs of pathology manifestation

P38 MAPK-dependent Targets of Gaseous Transmitters Proapoptotic Action in Jurkat Cells

Background: p38 MAPK participates in gases-induced apoptosis signal transmission though it hasn’t molecular structure necessary for interaction with gaseotransmitters.Methodology: annexin positive cells and cells with decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential were detected by flow cytometry. Caspase 3 and 9 activity was investigated via spectrophotometry. Protein contents of Bcl-2 family members were measured with western blot analysis.Results: Caspase-3 and -9 activity and the number of cells with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential showed the apoptotic reaction vector when p38 MAPK-dependent pathways of NO and CO action inhibited. Inhibition of p38 kinase in H2S treated cells led to caspase-3 activation accompanied with the decrease of the number of apoptotic cells. Proteins Bcl-2 and Bad were the p38 MAPK-dependent targets of all three gases action. P38 MAPK influenced on protein Aven when intracellular H2S concentration increased and on Bcl-xl protein in CO-treated cells. In both cases p38 kinase was the negative regulator of these proteins and promoted the proapoptotic action of gases abolishing the gases-mediated increase of the Aven and Bcl-xl content.    Conclusion: p38 MAPK acted proapoptotically in the cases of intracellular increase of NO and H2S and antiapoptotically in CO-treated cells.

ВНУТРИКЛЕТОЧНЫЕ МИШЕНИ ПРОАПОПТОТИЧЕСКОГО ВЛИЯНИЯ ГАЗОВЫХ ТРАНСМИТТЕРОВ

Main molecular targets of nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide proapoptotic action in Jurkat cells were determined in this study. Decrease of mitochondrial transmembrane potential was shown during all three gases action. Reason of this event is the Bcl-2 family members disbalance. Proapoptotic proteins release after mitochondrion membranes permeabilisation could be abolished by protein xIAP inhibition of caspase -9 and-3 activity during NO and CO application. В настоящем исследовании были определены основные молекулярные мишени проапоптотического действия оксида азота, сульфида водорода и монооксида углерода в клетках линии Jurkat. Показано, что действие всех трех газов сопровождается падением митохондриального трансмембранного потенциала. Причиной данного события является дисбаланс в системе белков семейства Bcl-2. Выход проапоптотических факторов после увеличения проницаемости митохондриальной мембраны при действии на клетки монооксида азота и углерода может нивелироваться за счет ингибирующего влияния белка xIAP на активность каспазы 9 и 3.

Protein carbonylation as a mechanism of regulation of MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation

Tumor progression is accompanied by dysregulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis, which plays an essential role in breast cancer pathogenesis and cell resistance to chemotherapy. The role of protein carbonylation in molecular mechanisms of regulating MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation under the effect of roscovitine, a selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, was evaluated. The cells were grown in adherent cell culture with or without roscovitine. The levels of reduced/oxidized glutathione and the concentration of protein carbonyl derivatives were determined by spectrophotometry. The cell cycle was evaluated by the flow cytometry; the same technique was used to measure the reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration. Cell culture with roscovitine resulted in a decrease in the redox potential of the glutathione system and a rise in the ROS and protein carbonyl derivative concentrations. Roscovitine contributed to the G0/G1 and G2/М phase arrest due to its interaction with ATP-binding sites of cyclin-dependent kinases. Roscovitine could also promote enzyme carbonylation. The obtained results can be further used for development of personalized approaches to breast cancer therapy

Environmental management system as instrument of resource-saving

In this work is considered the concept of system of ecological management, it is main objectives, features. This system allowsto reduce various expenses of the company depending on goals and tasks in environmental policy. The system has both advantages, and shortcomings.В работе рассмотрено понятие системы экологического менеджмента, её основные задачи, особенности. В зависимости от поставленных целей и задач в экологической политике данная система позволяет снижать различные затраты предприятия. Система имеет как достоинства, так и недостатки