Emigration From Russia: New Trends and Forms

The subject-matter of this article is migration from Russia. The study deals with current aspects and new forms of emigration. The goal of this paper is to identify new patterns determining the emigration from Russia. The article views the emigration in a broad sense, including, in addition to classic emigration (i.e. leaving the home country for permanent residence in another country), various categories of return migration (labor migration, shuttle traders, seasonal migration, episodic migration, economic tourism, business migration, education abroad, etc.). With the emergence of these new forms and categories, there is a need to clarify the migration concepts. This analysis is built on a broad historical perspective on emigration, which has been a typical phenomenon for Russia over the last three centuries. The article is based on such economic theories, as the human capital theory, new economic theory of migration, Todaro’s economic theory of migration and other. In this article, a variety of methods are used, including historical analogy, statistical and mathematical approaches, sociological and econometric models. The article analyzes the patterns of modern emigration from Russia. It also considers certain aspects in the legal regulation of migration processes, with a focus on emigrants, including potential emigrants. In conclusion, the article notes the need for the state control of emigration processes. This means not so much the improvement of statistical records for this group of migrants, but rather speci c government measures aimed at providing the state support to these categories of migrants in order to prevent the non-return migration. In other words, it is not aimed at banning the emigration (a measure, the adverse effects of which were noted as long ago as by Mikhail Lomonosov). The ndings of this research can be used in improving the migration policy implemented, in particular, by the Federal Migration Service of Russia.This study has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research as part of research project No. RFFI 16–06–00048а "Social paradigm of regional development: selection of priorities and economic transformation"

Russophone immigration to Finland: new forms, trends, and consequences

Until the 1960s, Finland was more often the country of origin than the country of destination. Once a depressed area, it soon turned into a welfare state, becoming with international migrants. Since Finland’s labour market and society are beset with demographic problems, the country gladly accepts labour migrants, particularly those from neighbouring states. Most EU immigrants coming to Finland are Estonians. Immigration from without the EU - from Russia and other former Soviet countries - has, however, an even greater potential. Non-EU immigration falls into several categories - from seasonal labour migration to the relocation of top specialists and entrepreneurs. Currently, family reunions, marriages, and student and labour migration account for most migration from Russia to Finland. This article attempts to study immigration to Finland from neighbouring countries, primarily from Russia. The result of the study is an analysis of principal channels of international migration to Finland. These are family reunion, student migration, top specialist relocation, and the expansion of Russian business. Finland is in dire need of healthcare specialists, researchers, business development and IT specialists, and other professionals. For example, Russia-bordering Finnish regions lack upper and middle-level healthcare specialists. The focus of the study is on the professional and socio-demographic structure of labour migration to Finland and the country’s migration policy on the adaptation and integration of Russian-speaking immigrants. The article gives a general picture of Finland’s migration policy on labour migration from Russia and other countries. In collecting and processing materials, data from official websites of Finland’s Migration Service and Employment Service, the database of Statistics Finland, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the Finnish National Agency for Education were used

Methodological bases for assessing socio-demographic and migration consequences of man-made disasters

The purpose of the research is to develop methodological bases and principles for assessing the socio-demographic (including migration) consequences of man-made disasters. A method of rapid assessment of possible outgoing migration flows that may occur in the event of a man-made emergency of various scales is proposed. The initial data for this method are quantitative statistical register data on housing stock and population, as well as operational data on the scale of destruction obtained using contactless methods of information collection. The author summarizes the legal acts regulating the work on prevention and elimination of consequences of man-made and other emergencies in Russia, as well as establishing the principles for assessing their consequences. The author proposes a rearrangement of the set of consequences of man-made disasters, including three main directions of the impact of emergency situations on various spheres: demographic (including damage to life and health, as well as the migration component), socio-economic, and natural and environmental. Indicators reflecting the consequences of the disaster have been developed for each of th

Economic and Socio-Demographic Effects of Global Climate Change

The article discusses the main challenges and threats of global climate change and their impact on economic and socio-demographic processes in the countries most exposed to climate change. In world politics the topic of global climate change is not new, and every year more countries participate in international programs to reduce the impact of climate change on social, economic, demographic and even geopolitical processes. The problem of climate change is not local in nature and affects the entire group of countries and even continents. According to the intergovernmental group of experts of the UNPO, in the period 1880 to 2012, global average temperatures have risen by 0.85 degrees Celsius (The official website of UNPO, 2015). At the same time, every year more and more countries feel the consequences of climate change. According to the world organization for migration, in 2014, more than 19,3 million people were forced to change their place of permanent residence in connection with climatic factors (Gemenne et al., 2015). The loss of the world economy is measured in billions of US dollars. Keywords: economic processes, economic consequences of climate change, social instability, demographic threat JEL Classifications: J10, J19, Q5

Transformation of Labor Markets of the Southern Caucasus Countries in New Geopolitical and Economic Conditions

The paper considers key issues of the labor market condition and operation in such Southern Caucasus countries as Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. It has revealed the peculiarities of labor forces formation and the structure of their allocation. It has also fixed general peculiarities and significant distinctions in operation and tendencies of development. So, the paper sets significant influence of international labor migration to labor markets of the Southern Caucasus that exerts influence starting from the collapse of the USSR. The high level of self-employment of the population is a uniting element of the whole labor market of the Southern Caucasus countries. One more element of similarity of labor markets of the considered countries is the considerable specific weight of unpaid employees of family business concentrated in agriculture and services industry. At the same time, certain political events in some countries of the Southern Caucasus have mostly changed the labor market structure. Color revolutions which took place in some former countries of the USSR, besides the political line of policy, have also changed an economic vector of development. Rose Revolution, happened in 2003 in Georgia, has cardinally changed both domestic and international policies of the country. Orientation to closer integration with the western countries and military-political blocks predetermined the main strategy of development of the country that was inevitably reflected both political and economic ties with Russia. Because of fears concerning radical opposition formation the leadership of Armenia on the contrary was targeted to closer integration with Russia that greatly affected the labor market. Azerbaijani self-sufficiency in natural raw material resources, first of all, in oil with support of Turkey, allow the leaders of this country to conduct own policy without reference to some one country or integration group. Keywords: Southern Caucasus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, labor market, employment, unemployment, economic development JEL Classifications: E20, E29, F6

Transformation of sexual and matrimonial behavior of tajik labour migrants in Russia

© 2014, Canadian Center of Science and Education. All rights reserved. This research targets at revealing the influence of labor migration on the transformation of family relations, sexual and matrimonial behavior of the Tajikistan population. Tajikistan is one of the countries that are best known for their active sending labor migrants abroad to work. The majority of labor migrants work in the Russian Federation. The research included combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, including the statistical method, as well as quantitative sociological polls of migrants and their family members, as well as qualitative interviews of expert and migrants. The qualitative sociological poll was carried out in two countries (Russia and Tajikistan) based on two questionnaires similar by structure and coverage of the studied problems in 2012-2013. The research detected transformation of the family relations, matrimonial mindsets, and sexual behavior of the labor migrants, which affected their families and were able to affect the demographic situation in Tajikistan in the future. Two ways of satisfaction of sexual needs of the labor migrants were revealed. The first way is paid sexual services, i.e. using the services of prostitutes. The second way is a "temporary wife", also known as a "guest marriage". During the research, we registered multiple cases, when Tajik labor migrants had a "temporary wife" in Russia. She is often treated as "temporary" only as they try to keep parallel relations and socio-economic ties with their families and wives in Tajikistan. In fact, extramarital relationship in the form of a "guest"/"temporary" marriage is a form of adaptation of a labor migrant to the new socio-economic environment and is based on the Sharia laws regarding the "temporary" marriage. Tajikistan keeps its traditional mindset for the need in solid family relations and giving birth to 3-5 children. This model of a Muslim marriage is extended by the Tajik migrants to the Russia's reality. Because the Muslim law allows marrying women who practice a monotheistic religion (Christianity, Judaism), Tajiks establish various types of polygamous relations with Russian women. Those can be various types of a Muslim marriage (a temporary or permanent marriage, or a marriage without obligations, or a marriage for entertainment) that are set by Islam. Understanding of the traditional Tajiks' vision of sexual and marital relations provides the opportunity to forecast matrimonial behavior of Tajik migrants in Russia. At the same time, such forms of marriage are not traditional for Russia, which causes mixed response of the main part of the population who are not familiar with the standards of the Muslim moral

5-azido-2-aminopyridine, A New Nitrene/nitrenium Ion Photoaffinity Labeling Agent That Exhibits Reversible Intersystem Crossing Between Singlet And Triplet Nitrenes

The photochemistry of a new photoaffinity labeling (PAL) agent, 5-azido-2-(N,N-diethylamino)pyridine, was studied in aprotic and protic solvents using femtosecond-to-microsecond transient absorption and product analysis, in conjunction with ab initio multiconfigurational and multireference quantum chemical calculations. The excited singlet SI state is spectroscopically dark, whereas photoexcitation to higher-lying singlet excited S-2 and S-3 states drives the photochemical reaction toward a barrierless ultrafast relaxation path via two conical intersections to S-1, where N-2 elimination leads to the formation of the closed-shell singlet nitrene. The singlet nitrene undergoes intersystem crossing (ISC) to the triplet nitrene in aprotic and protic solvents as well as protonation to form the nitrenium ion. The ISC rate constants in aprotic solvents increase with solvent polarity, displaying a direct gap effect, whereas an inverse gap effect is observed in protic solvents. Transient absorption actinometry experiments suggest that a solvent-dependent fraction from 20% to 50% of nitrenium ions is generated on a time scale of a few tens of picoseconds. The closed-shell singlet and triplet nitrene are separated by a small energy gap in protic solvents. As a result, the unreactive triplet state nitrene undergoes delayed, thermally activated reverse ISC to reform the reactive closed-shell singlet nitrene, which subsequently protonates, forming the remaining fraction of nitrenium ions. The product studies demonstrate that the resulting nitrenium ion stabilized by the electron-donating 4-amino group yields the final cross-linked product with high, almost quantitative efficiency. The enhanced PAL function of this new azide with respect to the widely applied 4-amino-3-nitrophenyl azide is discussed

Therapy of tonsillopharyngitis: advantages of an integrated approach. A review

The problem of pain in the pharynx continues to be the focus of attention of scientists and practitioners for many decades. Despite the emergence of modern methods of diagnosis and treatment, the problem of pharyngoalgia is far from being solved. It has now been established that more than 500 possible etiological factors can be the cause of pharyngoalgia, but the leading place is occupied by inflammatory diseases of the pharynx and palatine tonsils. Taking into account the wide distribution of this nosology among the population and the high risk of complications, especially in childhood, the issues related to the search for effective therapeutic regimens and ways to prevent the development of complications are still relevant. Definitely, the treatment should be safe, comprehensive, justified and individually selected in each case. Adequate therapy started in time allows avoiding the development of adverse effects, reducing the treatment time and improving the patient's quality of life. And for a doctor, it is extremely important to know the differences in the clinical picture of pharyngoalgia caused by different types of microorganisms: bacteria, viruses or fungal flora, since these differences will be decisive in the further tactics of treating the patient. This article is devoted to highlighting the issues of the complex use of the lysine salt of ketoprofen in local and systemic form. The parameters of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory action of the lysine salt of ketoprofen are characterized, and a new scheme for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the pharynx within a single molecule is proposed. The article also pays attention to the prevention of complications and relapses, and discusses the advantages of the drug pidotimod in immunomodulatory therapy

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ, МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ МИГРАЦИИ

The increase in the number of natural disasters that has been observed in recent decades around the world under the influence of increasing anthropogenic impact on the environment, not only often causes significant damage to the economy and infrastructure of the territories, but also causes people to die and their mass migrations. In the light of these trends, the environmental situation is increasingly becoming the subject of scientific interest of researchers of various specialties: not only climatologists, but also economists and demographers. However, despite the increasing publication activity, in particular, on problems of population migration caused by climate change and environmental problems, there are significant gaps in the theoretical and methodological aspect. Our analysis of the scientific discourse (mostly English-speaking) showed that the discrepancies concern not only the question of which immigrants should be classified as environmental or climate migrants, but also the very term “environmental migrants”, as well as the legal issue of the necessity and legality of providing such persons of refugee status. It has been established that at the moment “environmental refugees” do not actually have and never had refugee status, either in accordance with the relevant UN Convention or in accordance with the national legislation of any country. The article attempts to systematize and analyze the existing theoretical and methodological approaches to this problem and, on its basis, gives recommendations regarding their application. The features of statistical accounting for environmental migrants are established. The main difficulties of identifying and identifying those migration processes that resulted from changes in the environment are identified, since along with natural factors, a combination of other socio-economic factors, such as low living standards or poverty, often influence decision-making on resettlement. The principles that should be followed when organizing environmental migration statistics at the national level are given. Two groups of existing international sources of quantitative data on environmental migration are described: a bibliographic database containing materials and publications on environmental migration, as well as a database of quantitative data that provide information on the number of displaced persons. The relationship between climate change and the impact on the quality of life of the population has been identified. The negative impact of climate change on the level and quality of life of the population was identified primarily in rural areas, which led to an increase in the scale and deepening of poverty, and also caused the migration of the rural population.El aumento en el número de desastres naturales que se ha observado en las últimas décadas en todo el mundo bajo la influencia del creciente impacto antropogénico en el medio ambiente, no solo a menudo causa daños significativos a la economía y la infraestructura de los territorios, sino que también causa la muerte de personas. y sus migraciones masivas. A la luz de estas tendencias, la situación ambiental se está convirtiendo cada vez más en tema de interés científico de investigadores de diversas especialidades: no solo climatólogos, sino también economistas y demógrafos. Sin embargo, a pesar de la creciente actividad de publicación, en particular sobre los problemas de migración de la población causados por el cambio climático y los problemas ambientales, existen importantes lagunas en el aspecto teórico y metodológico. Nuestro análisis del discurso científico (en su mayoría de habla inglesa) mostró que las discrepancias se refieren no solo a la cuestión de qué inmigrantes deben clasificarse como migrantes ambientales o climáticos, sino también al término “migrantes ambientales”, así como a la cuestión legal de la necesidad y legalidad de proporcionar a tales personas con estatus de refugiado. Se ha establecido que en este momento los "refugiados ambientales" en realidad no tienen y nunca han tenido el estatus de refugiado, ya sea de acuerdo con la Convención de la ONU pertinente o de acuerdo con la legislación nacional de cualquier país. El artículo intenta sistematizar y analizar los enfoques teóricos y metodológicos existentes para este problema y, sobre su base, ofrece recomendaciones sobre su aplicación. Se establecen las características de la contabilidad estadística de los migrantes ambientales. Las principales dificultades para identificar e identificar aquellos procesos de migración que resultaron de cambios en el medio ambiente se identifican, ya que junto con factores naturales, una combinación de otros factores socioeconómicos, como bajos niveles de vida o pobreza, a menudo influyen en la toma de decisiones sobre el reasentamiento. . Se dan los principios que deben seguirse cuando se organizan estadísticas de migración ambiental a nivel nacional. Se describen dos grupos de fuentes internacionales existentes de datos cuantitativos sobre migración ambiental: una base de datos bibliográfica que contiene materiales y publicaciones sobre migración ambiental, así como una base de datos de datos cuantitativos que proporcionan información sobre el número de personas desplazadas. Se ha identificado la relación entre el cambio climático y el impacto en la calidad de vida de la población. El impacto negativo del cambio climático en el nivel y la calidad de vida de la población se identificó principalmente en las áreas rurales, lo que llevó a un aumento en la escala y la profundización de la pobreza, y también causó la migración de la población rural.O aumento do número de desastres naturais que tem sido observado nas últimas décadas em todo o mundo sob a influência do crescente impacto antrópico sobre o meio ambiente, não só causa danos significativos à economia e infra-estrutura dos territórios, mas também faz com que as pessoas morram e suas migrações em massa. À luz dessas tendências, a situação ambiental é cada vez mais tema de interesse científico de pesquisadores de várias especialidades: não apenas climatologistas, mas também economistas e demógrafos. No entanto, apesar da crescente atividade de publicação, em particular, nos problemas de migração populacional causados pelas mudanças climáticas e problemas ambientais, existem lacunas significativas no aspecto teórico e metodológico. Nossa análise do discurso científico (principalmente em inglês) mostrou que as discrepâncias dizem respeito não apenas à questão de quais imigrantes devem ser classificados como migrantes ambientais ou climáticos, mas também ao próprio termo “migrantes ambientais”, bem como à questão legal de migrantes. a necessidade e a legalidade de fornecer a essas pessoas o status de refugiado. Ficou estabelecido que, no momento, os “refugiados ambientais” não têm e nunca tiveram status de refugiado, seja de acordo com a Convenção da ONU ou de acordo com a legislação nacional de qualquer país. O artigo procura sistematizar e analisar as abordagens teóricas e metodológicas existentes para esse problema e, com base nisso, dá recomendações sobre sua aplicação. As características da contabilidade estatística para os migrantes ambientais são estabelecidas. As principais dificuldades de identificar e identificar os processos de migração que resultaram de mudanças no meio ambiente são identificadas, pois juntamente com fatores naturais, uma combinação de outros fatores socioeconômicos, como baixos padrões de vida ou pobreza, muitas vezes influenciam a tomada de decisões sobre o reassentamento. . Os princípios que devem ser seguidos ao organizar as estatísticas de migração ambiental em nível nacional são fornecidos. Dois grupos de fontes internacionais existentes de dados quantitativos sobre a migração ambiental são descritos: uma base de dados bibliográfica contendo materiais e publicações sobre migração ambiental, bem como uma base de dados quantitativos que fornecem informações sobre o número de pessoas deslocadas. A relação entre as mudanças climáticas e o impacto na qualidade de vida da população foi identificada. O impacto negativo da mudança climática no nível e na qualidade de vida da população foi identificado principalmente nas áreas rurais, o que levou a um aumento na escala e aprofundamento da pobreza, e também causou a migração da população rural.Увеличение числа стихийных бедствий, которое наблюдается в последние десятилетия во всем мире под влиянием усиливающегося антропогенного воздействия на окружающую среду, не только часто наносит значительный ущерб экономике и инфраструктуре территорий, но и приводит к гибели людей и их массовой миграции. В свете этих тенденций, экологическая ситуация все чаще становится предметом научного интереса исследователей различных специальностей: не только климатологи, но и экономистов и демографов. Однако, несмотря на растущую публикационную активность, в частности, по проблемам миграции населения, вызванной изменением климата и экологическими проблемами, в теоретико-методологическом аспекте имеются значительные пробелы. Проведенный нами анализ научного дискурса (в основном англоязычного) показал, что расхождения касаются не только вопроса о том, какие иммигранты должны быть классифицированы как экологические или климатические мигранты, но и самого термина “экологические мигранты”, а также юридического вопроса о необходимости и законности предоставления таким лицам статуса беженцев. Установлено, что в настоящее время “экологические беженцы” фактически не имеют и никогда не имели статуса беженца ни в соответствии с соответствующей конвенцией ООН, ни в соответствии с национальным законодательством какой-либо страны. В статье предпринята попытка систематизации и анализа существующих теоретико-методологических подходов к данной проблеме и на ее основе даны рекомендации по их применению. Установлены особенности статистического учета экологических мигрантов. Выявлены основные трудности выявления и идентификации тех миграционных процессов, которые обусловлены изменениями в окружающей среде, поскольку наряду с природными факторами на принятие решений о переселении зачастую влияет сочетание других социально-экономических факторов, таких как низкий уровень жизни или нищета. Принципы, которые следует соблюдать при организации статистики экологической миграции на национальном уровне. Описаны две группы существующих международных источников количественных данных об экологической миграции: библиографическая база данных, содержащая материалы и публикации по экологической миграции, а также база количественных данных, содержащая информацию о числе перемещенных лиц. Выявлена взаимосвязь между изменением климата и воздействием на качество жизни населения. Негативное влияние изменения климата на уровень и качество жизни населения было выявлено прежде всего в сельской местности, что привело к увеличению масштабов и углублению бедности, а также вызвало миграцию сельского населения