Two Species of Canine Babesia in Australia: Detection and Characterization by PCR

The haemoprotozoan Babesia canis has been recognized in Australia for many years, and a second, smaller species has recently been discovered. Amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene enabled detection and characterization of the large and small canine babesiae of Australia for the first time. Isolates from northern Australia were genetically characterized to be 99% homologous to Babesia canis vogeli, confirming previous speculation about the subspecies of B. canis endemic to Australia. The partial 18S rRNA gene sequence amplified from isolates obtained in southeastern Australia was genetically identical to Babesia gibsoni, a species not previously known in Australia. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used was shown to be specific to Babesia and had a high sensitivity, detecting DNA at a parasitemia of approximately 0.0000027%. This study also reports the first known detection and characterization of B. canis DNA in Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks using PCR

Efficiency Options for a Focus Company: Comparison and Analysis of Potential Industrial Ecology and In-House Process Change Initiatives

Industrial ecology is a popular option in the literature for improving the efficiency of industrial facilities, most notably through the eco-industrial park (EIP) concept. Relatively little attention has been paid to overall efficiencies achievable at the local factory scale through in-house process changes (IHPCs) - efficiency improvements that are undertaken in a factory to improve their processes, without the aid of their neighbours. This thesis compares the EIP model to IHPCs using a case study of an existing factory (the focus company) in an industrialized zone and answers the question: what are the drivers, barriers, and opportunities to encourage a promising company to participate in industrial ecology in an existing industrial cluster and how does the industrial ecology option compare with more conventional in-house environmental efficiency opportunities? An analysis of the focus company’s major operating parameters, as well as data from interviews with the focus company, the local municipality, and the local utility provider are used to compare what the literature says about the implementation of industrial ecology in a case study setting to the results found through this study. The results from this study confirm a number of the barriers to implementing industrial ecology as found in the literature, and further emphasize that improved education and a more grass roots, consultant-led committee for the local industrial site would help with the implementation of industrial ecology principles. In a general sense, EIP projects are on a larger scale than IHPCs and therefore capable of greater efficiency improvements, whereas IHPCs are easier to manage due to being internally managed initiatives. It was found that for this particular case study, EIP options seem to be limited to a collaborative energy production plan, whereas a structured IHPC plan is best for the focus company’s continued efficiency improvement. It was also found that the focus company has begun to tackle the higher hanging fruit in terms of energy efficiency, while leaving the comparably easily accessible lower hanging fruit options untouched. This leaves a myriad of low and/or no cost options to further improve the efficiency of the facility

Comparing Formulations of Generalized Quantum Mechanics for Reparametrization-Invariant Systems

A class of decoherence schemes is described for implementing the principles of generalized quantum theory in reparametrization-invariant `hyperbolic' models such as minisuperspace quantum cosmology. The connection with sum-over-histories constructions is exhibited and the physical equivalence or inequivalence of different such schemes is analyzed. The discussion focuses on comparing constructions based on the Klein-Gordon product with those based on the induced (a.k.a. Rieffel, Refined Algebraic, Group Averaging, or Spectral Analysis) inner product. It is shown that the Klein-Gordon and induced products can be simply related for the models of interest. This fact is then used to establish isomorphisms between certain decoherence schemes based on these products.Comment: 21 pages ReVTe

Microfluidics for Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

Small-angle X-ray scattering is a well-established biophysical technique, whilst micro-fluidics is proving to be a convenient technology for creating miniaturised multifunctional devices. Both fields are highly versatile and find use in multiple scientific disciplines. Together, they offer the potential to obtain structural information on biomacromolecules, nanoparticles and condensed matter, in a high-throughput manner and with enhanced time-resolution capabilities. This chapter provides practical design considerations for X-ray-based microfluidic systems and examines some of the existing microfluidic platforms used in conjunction with small-angle X-ray scattering. As the exclusive advantages of microfluidics become recognised and accessible, the prevalence of microfluidic sample environments in X-ray scattering measurements will hopefully increase

Gauge Theories on a 2+2 Anisotropic Lattice

The implementation of gauge theories on a four-dimensional anisotropic lattice with two distinct lattice spacings is discussed, with special attention to the case where two axes are finely and two axes are coarsely discretized. Feynman rules for the Wilson gauge action are derived and the renormalizability of the theory and the recovery of the continuum limit are analyzed. The calculation of the gluon propagator and the restoration of Lorentz invariance in on-shell states is presented to one-loop order in lattice perturbation theory for $SU(N_c)$ on both 2+2 and 3+1 lattices.Comment: 27 pages, uses feynmf. Font compatibility adjuste

A Review of Controlling Motivational Strategies from a Self-Determination Theory Perspective: Implications for Sports Coaches

The aim of this paper is to present a preliminary taxonomy of six controlling strategies, primarily based on the parental and educational literatures, which we believe are employed by coaches in sport contexts. Research in the sport and physical education literature has primarily focused on coaches’ autonomysupportive behaviours. Surprisingly, there has been very little research on the use of controlling strategies. A brief overview of the research which delineates each proposed strategy is presented, as are examples of the potential manifestation of the behaviours associated with each strategy in the context of sports coaching. In line with self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryan & Deci, 2002), we propose that coach behaviours employed to pressure or control athletes have the potential to thwart athletes’ feelings of autonomy, competence,and relatedness, which, in turn, undermine athletes’ self-determined motivation and contribute to the development of controlled motives. When athletes feel pressured to behave in a certain way, a variety of negative consequences are expected to ensue which are to the detriment of the athletes’ well-being. The purpose of this paper is to raise awareness and interest in the darker side of sport participation and to offer suggestions for future research in this area

An “off-the shelf” Synthetic Membrane to Simplify Regeneration of Damaged Corneas

yesOur overall aim is to develop a synthetic off-the-shelf alternative to human amniotic membrane which is currently used for delivering cultured limbal stem cells to the cornea in patients who suffer scarring of the cornea because of the loss of limbal stem cells. We have recently reported that both cultured cells and limbal explants grow well on electrospun Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) (44 kg/mol) with a 50:50 ratio of lactide and glycolide and sterilized with γ-irradiation. Prior to undertaking a clinical study our immediate aim now is to achieve long term storage of the membranes in convenient to use packaging. Membranes were electrospun from Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (44 kg/mol) with a 50:50 ratio of lactide and glycolide and sterilized with γ-irradiation and then stored dry (with desiccant) for several months at -80°C and -20°C , Room temperature (UK and India), 37°C and 50°C. We explored the contribution of vacuum sealing and the use of a medical grade bag (PET/Foil/LDPE) to achieve a longer shelf life. Confirmation of membranes being suitable for clinical use was obtained by culturing tissue explants on membranes post storage. When scaffolds were stored dry the rate of breakdown was both temperature and time dependent. At -20°C and -80°C there was no change in fiber diameter over 18 months of storage, and membranes were stable for 12 months at 4°C while at 50°C (above the transition temperature for PLGA) scaffolds lost integrity after several weeks. The use of vacuum packaging and a medical grade bag both improved the storage shelf-life of the scaffolds. The impact of temperature on storage is summarized beneath. We report that this synthetic membrane can be used as an off-the-shelf or-out-of-the freezer alternative to the amniotic membrane for corneal regeneration

Shampoo science: a review of the physiochemical processes behind the function of a shampoo

The components of a shampoo are selected specifically to carry out important roles within the formulation. They must be carefully considered as not only do they act to carry out their own function but they also influence the function of the other components through complexation and other physiochemical interactions. This review focuses on the four principal components in a commercial shampoo formulation: surfactant, deposition polymer, structuring polymer, and viscosity modifiers. The most common molecule types used commercially to carry out the specific roles are discussed, with each of their fundamental functions outlined in detail. The mechanisms by which these molecules can perform these roles are reviewed. Further consideration is taken to outline how components could interact with one another to hinder or facilitate processes

Generalized Quantum Theory of Recollapsing Homogeneous Cosmologies

A sum-over-histories generalized quantum theory is developed for homogeneous minisuperspace type A Bianchi cosmological models, focussing on the particular example of the classically recollapsing Bianchi IX universe. The decoherence functional for such universes is exhibited. We show how the probabilities of decoherent sets of alternative, coarse-grained histories of these model universes can be calculated. We consider in particular the probabilities for classical evolution defined by a suitable coarse-graining. For a restricted class of initial conditions and coarse grainings we exhibit the approximate decoherence of alternative histories in which the universe behaves classically and those in which it does not. For these situations we show that the probability is near unity for the universe to recontract classically if it expands classically. We also determine the relative probabilities of quasi-classical trajectories for initial states of WKB form, recovering for such states a precise form of the familiar heuristic "J d\Sigma" rule of quantum cosmology, as well as a generalization of this rule to generic initial states.Comment: 41 pages, 4 eps figures, revtex 4. Modest revisions throughout. Physics unchanged. To appear in Phys. Rev.

The effect of dairy heifer pre-breeding growth rate on first lactation milk yield in spring-calving, pasture-based herds

peer-reviewedOptimising heifer growth rate may offer an opportunity to improve lifetime milk yield per cow, enhancing the environmental and economic efficiency of dairy farming operations. The effect of dairy heifer pre-breeding average daily weight gain (ADGPB) on first lactation milk yield was investigated. This observational study employed a data set comprising 265 Holstein-Friesian, or Holstein-Friesian-cross-Jersey heifers from seven commercial, spring-calving, pasture-based dairy herds, where the major component of the diet was grazed grass. These were weighed at birth and prior to breeding and ADGPB was calculated. Milk recordings were performed throughout the heifers' first lactation and 305-day yield figures calculated from these records. Yields were corrected to 4% fat and 3.1% protein to create standardised 305-day milk yield (SMY), which was the outcome of interest. Median ADGPB was 0.72 kg/day. Median 305-day yield was 5 967 kg. Linear regression was used to investigate the effect of weight and genetic, age and first calving factors on SMY. Pre-breeding average daily weight gain, age at first calving and predicted transmitting abilities for milk protein production and calving interval were all significant in the final model, which also included the random effects of farm and month of calving within year. ADGPB was quadratically related to first lactation SMY, with an ADGPB of 0.82 kg/day corresponding to the maximum predicted SMY. The model predicted that a heifer growing at 0.82 kg/day would produce 1 120 kg more SMY than a heifer growing at 0.55 kg/day, 218 kg more than a heifer growing at 0.7 kg/day and 103 kg more than a heifer growing at 0.90 kg/day. Manipulation of heifer growth rate may offer a viable method of increasing first lactation milk yield