Antenatal and postnatal risk factors of obesity in children age 2-5 years old in Yogyakarta District, Indonesia

Obesity and overweight have become a health issue throughout the world, with a dramaticincrease in prevalence each year. An obese child is thought to be adorable, but parents are notaware of the health risk it holds. Preventive measures by decreasing the risk factors for obesityare more effective than treating the problem. The aim of this study was to identify the riskfactors of obesity in antenatal and postnatal period in children in Yogyakarta District. This wasan observational study with a case control design. Criteria of obesity were defined according toWHO 2006 growth chart. Subjects were children age 2 to 5 years old that were enrolled inplaygroups in the Yogyakarta Distric with a targeted sample size of 41 children. Parents ofchildren that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were given questionnaires to fill out. Theresults were analyzed using bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Thirty fourobese children and 34 non obese children (as control) were explored for the obesity risk factors.Prematurity/gestational age (OR=16; 95%CI=3.27-78.28; p=0.001), passive smoking (OR=5.50;95%CI=1.90-15.96; p=0.001), low birth weight (OR=7.27; 95%CI=1.45-36.47; p=0.008),eating more than 3 times daily (OR=2.19; 95%CI=1.66-2.89; p=0.007), meals that are high inlipid (OR=4.18; 95%CI=1.45-12.02; p=0.007) were shown to be risk factors for obesity inchildren. Factors such as picky eaters (OR=0.16; 95%CI=1.45-12.02; p=0.002), early introductionto solid food (OR=0.29; 95%CI=0.10-0.79; p=0.01), exercise (OR=0.25; 95%CI=0.06-0.32;p=0.04), and watching TV or playing video game under 2 hours daily (OR=0.30; 95%CI=0.09-0.95; p=0.04) were identified as protective factors against obesity. By using the multivariateanalysis, there were only 2 risk factors for obesity i.e. eating more than 3 times daily andprematurity/gestational age and there were only 2 protective factors i.e. exercise and introductionto solid food that remained statistically significant as independent factors influencing obesity inchildren aged 2 to 5 years old in the Yogyakarta District.Keywords: obesity - children age 2 to 5 years old - antenatal - postnatal - risk factor

Medan Makna Verba Membersihkan dalam Bahasa Melayu Dialek Sambas

This research is focused on the areas of semantics in particular about the meaning of the verb field cleans the BMDS. This study aims to describe the meaning of the verb cleans in the BMDS. The method used is the method of qualitativ research wit the form directly. The data in this study are the verb cleans in BMDS. Data collection techniques are used in the form of fishing techniques, engineering, engineering face to face ably record, and take note. Data collecting instrument that was used in the form of a list, the list of pictures, recording device, and stationery. Technique of data analysis used i.e. classify, analyze, describe, and conclude. Based on the analysis of data, there are 55 lexem verb cleans up in BMDS. The type of verb meaning clearing in the BMDS retrieved 55 lexical meaning, 49 grammatical meaning, 54 conceptually meaning, 1 assosiative meanings, and 6 areas of the meaning of collective. Difference of function semantic lexem in field the meaning of the verb in BMDS is to cleans to body, plants, home wares, and as the fortification themselves

PHENOLOGY OF ANDIROBA( Carapa guianensis , Aubl., MELIACEAE) IN SOUTH OF RORAIMA STATE

O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar o padr\ue3o fenol\uf3gico da esp\ue9cie arb\uf3rea Carapa guianensis , Aubl., em floresta natural localizada no sul do estado de Roraima, procurando relacionar a frequ\ueancia de ocorr\ueancia das fenofases \ue0s condi\ue7\uf5es pluviom\ue9tricas do per\uedodo. Para o levantamento fenol\uf3gico foram selecionados 20 indiv\uedduos adultos localizados em uma parcela permanente de 9 ha. As observa\ue7\uf5es fenol\uf3gicas ocorreram quinzenalmente de fevereiro de 2006 a fevereiro de 2009, registrando-se a presen\ue7a ou aus\ueancia dos eventos de flora\ue7\ue3o, frutifica\ue7\ue3o e mudan\ue7a foliar para cada \ue1rvore. Para analisar a influ\ueancia da precipita\ue7\ue3o na fenologia da esp\ue9cie foi utilizado o coeficiente de correla\ue7\ue3o de Spearman e, para estimar a sincronia dos eventos fenol\uf3gico utilizou-se o \uedndice de sincronia da popula\ue7\ue3o (Z). A flora\ue7\ue3o da andiroba mostrou-se subanual, sincr\uf4nica e correlacionada negativamente com precipita\ue7\ue3o no per\uedodo do evento fenol\uf3gico. Foram observados dois ciclos de flora\ue7\ue3o, sendo um longo com inicio em outubro, estendendo-se para o ano seguinte, por um per\uedodo m\ue9dio de 9 meses, e um curto com dura\ue7\ue3o de dois meses (julho a agosto). A frutifica\ue7\ue3o \ue9 anual, longa e sincr\uf4nica, e correlacionou-se positivamente com a precipita\ue7\ue3o. A \ue9poca ideal para a coleta dos frutos maduros no local estudado \ue9 durante o per\uedodo chuvoso, que compreende abril a julho. A emiss\ue3o de folhas ocorreu de forma cont\uednua e n\ue3o se correlacionou com a precipita\ue7\ue3o. Observou-se uma maior propor\ue7\ue3o de indiv\uedduos perdendo folhas, entre os meses de agosto a novembro, que caracterizam um per\uedodo de transi\ue7\ue3o entre a \ue9poca seca e chuvosa, com sens\uedvel redu\ue7\ue3o de precipita\ue7\ue3o.This work was carried out in order to study the phenological pattern of Andiroba in natural forest located in the south of Roraima state, seeking to relate the frequency of phenol-phases occurrence with the rain rate in this period. For the phenological survey 20 adult trees were selected in a permanent sample plot of 9ha. The visits to phenological observations occurred fortnightly from February 2006 to December 2008, recording the presence or absence of flowering, fruiting and leaf change events for each tree. The Spearman correlation was used for analyzing the influence of rainfall on phenology and, the index of synchrony of population (Z) was used for estimating the synchrony of phenological events. The flowering of Andiroba showed to be sub-annual, synchronous and was negatively correlated with the rainfall during the phenological event. Two cycles of flowering were observed: a long one from October until next year, which lasts about nine months, and a short one lasting two months, from July to August. The fruiting is annual, long and synchronous and it was positively correlated with rainfall. The ideal time for collecting ripe fruits at the study site is during the rainy time, that is, from April to July. The leaf flushing was continuous and did not correlate with the rainfall. It was noticed a higher proportion of trees falling leaves between August and November, which characterizes a period of transition between the dry and the rainy period with sensitive reduction of rainfalls

Model of Non-stationary Heat Transfer in a Supercritical Fluid

This paper continues the process of reconciling results obtained when investigating heat transfer in the supercritical liquid–vapor region inherent in stationary and fast processes. A relatively simple model of non-stationary heat transfer at the microscopic level in a non-idealized system is constructed. The model provides a possible explanation for the increase in the thermal resistance of a supercritical fluid (drop in heat conduction) at a not too great distance from the critical isobar on a scale of small characteristic times and sizes. The model is based on an explicit account of a significant decrease in thermal diffusivity when approaching the critical temperature of the substance. The simulation results are compared with experimental data on the rapid (lasting in units-tens of milliseconds) transfer of a compressed liquid to the supercritical temperature region along a supercritical isobar. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 19-19-00115-PThis study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 19-19-00115-P)

Heat transfer under high-power heating of liquids. 1. Experiment and inverse algorithm

A new approach to fluids behavior study in the course of highpower heating has been developed by us. The approach combines experimental method of controlled pulse heating of a wire probe and numerical method of thermophysical properties temperature dependencies recovery from the experimental data. Short (millisecond) characteristic time scale allows working with short-lived fluids, including superheated (with respect to the liquid-vapor equilibrium temperature and/or to the temperature of thermal decomposition onset) ones. Numerical method gives a set of inverse heat conduction problem solutions, based on the results of single pulse experiment. Numerical technique, based on the heat transfer parameters optimization model, is built using genetic algorithms. The approach was applied to saturated hydrocarbons in the temperature range 300-625 K. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Study of Heat Transfer by Partially-Miscible Mixture with LCST in Pulse Heating Experiments

Heat transfer by mixture with the lower critical solution temperature in the course of non-stationary heating is discussed. The superheating degree reached 200 K at the heating rate of 105 K/s. Upon reaching a certain superheating degree, a significant enhancement of heat transfer has been revealed.Работа выполнена в рамках проекта РНФ № 19-19-00115

HEAT TRANSFER FEATURES IN DIELECTRIC FLUIDS IN THE COURSE OF NON-STATIONARY HEATING OVER A WIDE RANGE OF PRESSURES

Heat transfer in dielectric fluids in the course of non-stationary heating is discussed. The method of pulse heating of a wire probe was chosen for carrying out experiments. Authors revealed threshold deterioration of heat transfer in the case of fast transition to supercritical state of fluid.Работа выполнена в рамках проекта РНФ № 19-19-00115

THE H2S TEST AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN LOW RESOURCE COMMUNITIES: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Water is an essential resource for life. As water scarcity becomes a more pressing global issue, preserving access of safe water sources is a necessity in public health. Standard methods of water quality testing require expensive equipment and lab facilities, making testing in low resource areas a difficulty. An alternative testing method using hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria (H2S) as an indicator of water contamination has been developed and tested in multiple regions of the world. This thesis will examine literature around H2S tests and its various modifications, compared to standard water quality assessment methods that use E. coli and total coliform (TC), like membrane filtration and enzyme substrate tests such as Colilert®. The primary purpose of this review is to analyze findings from literature to determine strengths and weaknesses of the H2S method, as well as commonly recommended testing conditions. By presenting these findings, the goal is to provide further assessment into the potential for H2S testing as an alternative method for water quality assessment that can be reliably used in low resources settings