Poliovirus shedding after the first and second doses of trivalent polio vaccines in newborns

Background The trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV) produced by Bio Farma consists of three live, attenuated poliovirus serotypes (1, 2, and 3). The tOPV stimulates the formation of secretory IgA (sIgA) on the intestinal wall and lumen. The existence of sIgA is considered giving immunity in the intestines, it could prevent the spread of viral replication and thus inhibit the transmission of the polio virus. Objective To determine the differences in shedding after each of the first two tOPV immunizations in newborns. Methods This one-way repeated measure study was conducted in newborns from three primary health centers in Bandung, West Java. After administering tOPV to newborns, we assessed the shedding of poliovirus in their stool specimens at 30 days after the first dose and 7 days after the second dose. Data was analyzed using McNemar test with 95% confidence intervals (CI) to differentiate the shedding of poliovirus after the first and second doses. Results Of 150 children, 128 subjects completed the study. At 30 days after the first tOPV dose, 26 subjects (20.3%) were negative for shedding of poliovirus in stool specimens. Of the 102 subjects who had poliovirus isolated from their stools, the serotypes comprised of polio 1: 10.9%, polio 2: 14.8%, polio 3: 45.3%, polio 1 and 3: 3.1%, polio 2 and 3: 4.7%, and polio 1,2, and 3: 0.8%. At 7 days after the second tOPV dose, there was a significant increase in subjects negative for shedding of poliovirus (78 subjects; 60.9%). Statistical analysis revealed significantly decreased shedding of poliovirus in stool specimens between the first and second doses of tOPV (P<0.05 ). Conclusion There is a significantly decreased number of subjects with shedding of poliovirus in stool specimens 7 days after the second tOPV dose than at 30 days after the first tOPV dose

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HEALTH EDUCATION THROUGH SMARTPHONE AND BOOKLET ON KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF ADOLESENCE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Adolescent related to reproductive health problems. The problem occurs because of adolescent had a lack of knowledge and attitudes about reproductive health. Smartphones was effective tools of education and it can improve knowledge and attitudes of teenagers, so the problem on adolescent reproductive health can be solved. This research analyze the differences and effect of health education through a smartphone and a booklet on the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents about reproductive health, also to analyze the factors that change knowledge and attitudes of adolescent after receiving health education from smartphone. This research was a mix method research that combines quantitative and qualitative research with concurent embedded design. Quantitative research used quasi-experiment design, conducted on 84 adolescent, divided in to two groups. Qualitative research conducted in 8 adolescents who received health education through the smartphone as an informant. Differences in knowledge and attitudes before and after health education through smartphones and booklets were analyzed with the Wilcoxon test. There was the differences between health education through smartphone and booklet on changed knowledge and attitudes of adolescents about reproductive health. The infleunces of health education through smartphone on knowledge and attitudes of adolescents about reproductive health is better than booklet (p <0.05). The factors that cause the adolescent knowledge and attitude changed after getting health education through smartphones are good content, simple language, the content is interesting, easy to understand, being a trend, easy to read, effective, easy to carry, easy to store, more privacy, easily stored, simple, easily accessible and the content was complete. Smartphone as effective tools of health education, it can improve knowledge and attitudes of adolescents about reproductive health. Keywords: Health Education, Smartphones, Booklets, Adolescent Reproductive Healt

Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in Indonesian children: A cross-sectional study.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of infection and commonly colonizes the nasopharynx of young children, along with other potentially pathogenic bacteria. The objectives of this study were to estimate the carriage prevalence of S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children in Indonesia, and to examine interactions between these bacterial species. 302 healthy children aged 12-24 months were enrolled in community health centers in the Bandung, Central Lombok, and Padang regions. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and stored according to World Health Organization recommendations, and bacterial species detected by qPCR. Pneumococcal serotyping was conducted by microarray and latex agglutination/Quellung. Overall carriage prevalence was 49.5% for S. pneumoniae, 27.5% for H. influenzae, 42.7% for M. catarrhalis, and 7.3% for S. aureus. Prevalence of M. catarrhalis and S. pneumoniae, as well as pneumococcal serotype distribution, varied by region. Positive associations were observed for S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis (OR 3.07 [95%CI 1.91-4.94]), and H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis (OR 2.34 [95%CI 1.40-3.91]), and a negative association was found between M. catarrhalis and S. aureus (OR 0.06 [95%CI 0.01-0.43]). Densities of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis were positively correlated when two of these species were present. Prior to pneumococcal vaccine introduction, pneumococcal carriage prevalence and serotype distribution varies among children living in different regions of Indonesia. Positive associations in both carriage and density identified among S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis suggest a synergistic relationship among these species with potential clinical implications

Pneumococcal carriage, density, and co-colonization dynamics: a longitudinal study in Indonesian infants.

OBJECTIVES: Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae underpins disease development and transmission. We examined pneumococcal carriage dynamics, including density and multiple serotype carriage, in Indonesian infants during the first year of life. METHODS: 200 healthy infants were enrolled at 2 months of age, with 8 nasopharyngeal swabs collected from enrolment until 12 months of age. Pneumococci were detected using quantitative PCR and serotyped by microarray. Regression models assessed factors influencing pneumococcal carriage and density. RESULTS: 85% of infants carried pneumococci at least once during the study. The median age of first acquisition was 129 days (IQR 41, 216). The median duration of carriage was longer for the first pneumococcal acquisition compared with subsequent acquisitions (151 days vs 95 days, p < 0.0001). Of 166 infants who carried pneumococci during the study, the majority (63.9%) carried a single pneumococcal serotype at a time. Pneumococcal carriage density was higher when upper respiratory tract infection symptoms were present, lower during antibiotic usage, decreased with age, and tended to decrease over time during a carriage episode. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of Indonesian infants carry pneumococcus at least once during the first year of life. Pneumococcal carriage is a dynamic process, with pneumococcal density varying during a carriage episode

Measles-Rubella Immunization Health Education Using Animated Videos and Text Messages Via WhatsApp

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effect of health education using animated video and text messages through WhatsApp on parental knowledge and attitude. Method: This study used a quasi-experimental design on two groups that consisted of 36 respondents in each group. The first group received animation videos about MR immunization, and the second group received text messages through WhatsApp. The instruments of this study consisted of a knowledge questionnaire and an attitude questionnaire. The study was conducted on parents who had an infant less than nine months old, had a smartphone and WhatsApp account. Results: The pretest-posttest scores show increased knowledge and attitude about MR immunization after educational animation video and text message intervention. Video animation had a higher mean of knowledge and attitude than text messages. Conclusion: Health education using animation videos through WhatsApp can improve parental knowledge and attitude higher than a text message

Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage and density of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children living in Indonesia

Background: Potentially pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus are commonly carried in the nasopharynx of young children. Host and environmental factors have been linked with pathogen carriage, and in many studies rural children have higher carriage rates than their urban counterparts. There are few published data on what factors contribute to increased pathogen density. The objectives of this study were to identify risk factors for nasopharyngeal carriage and density of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and S. aureus in young children in Indonesia. Methods: Risk factor analysis was done using data on bacterial carriage and participant characteristics from a cross-sectional study that enrolled 302 children aged 12-24 months living in urban or semi-rural areas of Indonesia. Associations between host factors and odds of pathogen carriage were explored using logistic regression. Characteristics identified to be independent predictors of carriage by univariable analysis, as well as those that differed between urban and semi-rural participants, were included in multivariable models. Risk factors for increased pathogen density were identified using linear regression analysis. Results: No differences in carriage prevalence between urban and semi-rural children were observed. Multiple children under the age of 5 years in the household (< 5y) and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms were associated with S. pneumoniae carriage, with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of 2.17 (95% CI 1.13, 4.12) and 2.28 (95% CI 1.15, 4.50), respectively. There was some evidence that URTI symptoms (aOR 1.94 [95% CI 1.00, 3.75]) were associated with carriage of M. catarrhalis. Children with URTI symptoms (p = 0.002), and low parental income (p = 0.011) had higher S. pneumoniae density, whereas older age was associated with lower S. pneumoniae density (p = 0.009). URTI symptoms were also associated with higher M. catarrahlis density (p = 0.035). Low maternal education (p = 0.039) and multiple children < 5y (p = 0.021) were positively associated with H. influenzae density, and semi-rural residence was associated with higher S. aureus density (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study provides a detailed assessment of risk factors associated with carriage of clinically-relevant bacteria in Indonesian children, and new data on host factors associated with pathogen density