Tingkat Penetasan Penyu Hijau di Pulau Pandan Kawasan Konservasi Pulau Pieh, Sumatera Barat

Kajian penelitian tingkat penetasan penyu dilakukan di Pulau Pandan, Kawasan Konservasi Pulau Pieh. Tujuan kajian untuk melihat faktor mempengaruhi keberhasilan penetasan sarang semi alami, dan melihat capaian optimal tingkat penetasan. Penelitian dilaksanakan bulan Januari – Juni 2022 dengan mengkoleksi data jumlah telur, morfometrik, kedalaman sarang, dan lama waktu inkubasi, serta data sekunder. Metode penelitian secara kuantitatif dengan analisis regresi linear berganda untuk melihat pengaruh variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat. Hasil analisis korelasi antara jumlah telur dengan panjang karapas didapati hubungan positif dengan kategori rendah (r=0,215, t=2,253, df=26, p=0,033), sedangkan jumlah telur dengan kedalaman sarang memiliki hubungan negatif dengan kategori sangat rendah (r=0,154, t=1,684, df=26, p=0,104), sementara pengaruh panjang karapas, kedalaman sarang secara bersamaan terhadap jumlah telur didapati nilai R2 = 29,2%. penyu hijau memiliki telur tebanyak; 131 butir, dan jumlah telur sedikit; 29 butir, dengan rata-rata jumlah telur; 93,86 butir. Korelasi tingkat penetasan dengan kedalaman sarang didapati hubungan positif (r=0,019, t=2,324, df=367, p=0,021), tingkat penetasan dengan masa inkubasi hubungan posistif dengan kategori sangat rendah (r = 0,021, t=2,520, df=367, p=0,012), dan pengaruh bersamaan didapati nilai R2 = 3,6%. Tingkat penetasan telur penyu berada pada kondisi optimum ditemukan angka rata-rata; 86,67%, penyu mendarat dan bertelur dominan ukuran dewasa dengan nilai rata-rata panjang karapas; 97,10 cm, serta lama inkubasi pada rentang; 45-58 hari.Kajian penelitian tingkat penetasan penyu dilakukan di Pulau Pandan, Kawasan Konservasi Pulau Pieh. Tujuan kajian untuk melihat faktor mempengaruhi keberhasilan penetasan sarang semi alami, dan melihat capaian optimal tingkat penetasan. Penelitian dilaksanakan bulan Januari – Juni 2022 dengan mengkoleksi data jumlah telur, morfometrik, kedalaman sarang, dan lama waktu inkubasi, serta data sekunder. Metode penelitian secara kuantitatif dengan analisis regresi linear berganda untuk melihat pengaruh variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat. Hasil analisis korelasi antara jumlah telur dengan panjang karapas didapati hubungan positif dengan kategori rendah (r=0,215, t=2,253, df=26, p=0,033), sedangkan jumlah telur dengan kedalaman sarang memiliki hubungan negatif dengan kategori sangat rendah (r=0,154, t=1,684, df=26, p=0,104), sementara pengaruh panjang karapas, kedalaman sarang secara bersamaan terhadap jumlah telur didapati nilai R2 = 29,2%. penyu hijau memiliki telur tebanyak; 131 butir, dan jumlah telur sedikit; 29 butir, dengan rata-rata jumlah telur; 93,86 butir. Korelasi tingkat penetasan dengan kedalaman sarang didapati hubungan positif (r=0,019, t=2,324, df=367, p=0,021), tingkat penetasan dengan masa inkubasi hubungan posistif dengan kategori sangat rendah (r = 0,021, t=2,520, df=367, p=0,012), dan pengaruh bersamaan didapati nilai R2 = 3,6%. Tingkat penetasan telur penyu berada pada kondisi optimum ditemukan angka rata-rata; 86,67%, penyu mendarat dan bertelur dominan ukuran dewasa dengan nilai rata-rata panjang karapas; 97,10 cm, serta lama inkubasi pada rentang; 45-58 hari

Food and Feeding Habits of Fishes in Brunei Bay, Malaysia

The study of the food and feeding habits of fishes is crucial in understanding their ecology. Food and feeding habits of the 30 fish species belonging to 22 families from Bukit Sari and Awat-awat of Lawas in the Bay of Brunei were studied on 11th February 2020 and 12th February 2020 respectively. Samples were collected using “Kabat” nets, casting nets, and seine nets. The dietary components of each species were studied and expressed as a percentage of numerical composition (N), percentage of weight composition (W), and percentage of frequency of occurrence (F). Diet compositions of the species were estimated using the Index of Relative Importance (%IRI) and trophic level (TROPHj). The major food and their Index of Relative Importance (%IRI) showed the highest was shrimps (64.25%) followed by crabs (11.78%), zooplankton (6.94%), fish (6.91%), algae (4.21%), plants (1.48%), mollusks (1.01%) and others below 1.0%. TROPHj value ranged from 2.0 to 4.2 and the trophic level value of 25 fish species was carnivorous, followed by 2 species (detritivorous and herbivorous) respectively, and 1 species (piscivorous). The findings of the study may offer important data for developing management plans for the region's fishing resources

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Sand type influences the energetics of nest escape in Brisbane river turtle hatchlings

Freshwater turtles can construct their nest in a wide range of soil types, and because different soil types have different physical characteristics such as particle size distribution and compactness, soil type presumably affects digging performance and the energetics of nest escape of turtle hatchlings. Previous studies have reported how cohort size affects the energetic cost of nest escape in turtle hatchlings, but no studies have reported the influence of substrate type on the energetic cost of nest escape. The time taken and the energy required by the same number of hatchlings to dig through two different sand types were quantified by open-flow respirometry. Brisbane river turtle hatchlings digging through fine sand escaped faster and spent less energy than hatchlings digging through coarse sand, and a larger cohort size provided a clear energetic advantage while digging in both sand types. Across all group sizes, hatchlings digging through fine sand spent 33.8% less energy compared with hatchlings digging through coarse sand. We conclude that hatchlings emerging from nests constructed in fine sand have an energetic advantage over hatchlings emerging from nests constructed in course sand because they would have greater energy reserves upon reaching the nest's surface

Bigger clutch sizes save offspring energy during nest escapes

Hatchling turtles typically emerge from underground nests in groups, so the nest escape process may represent another example of animals sharing a task (in this case, digging out of a nest) to save on individual energy expenditure. Previous studies have reported the energetic cost of embryonic development across chelonian taxa, but none has quantified the extra amount of energy needed to escape the nest. Brisbane river turtle (Emydura macquarii signata) hatchlings were found to fuel this activity by using approximately 50\ua0% of their residual yolk energy content. An open-flow respirometry system was used to quantify the effect of clutch size on an individual’s energetic cost while digging out of the nest. The energetic cost of nest escaping 15\ua0cm upward in the fine moist sand was calculated to be between 0.34 and 2.32\ua0kJ per individual depending upon the number of hatchlings digging together. The energetic cost decreased as the number of individuals digging together increased and thus supports the ‘social facilitation’ hypothesis which suggests hatchlings cooperate to share the workload of digging out of the nest amongst clutch mates to reduce individual energy expenditure. The reduced energetic cost associated with large cohorts was chiefly caused by the shorter time taken to dig out of the nest by larger numbers of individuals. We conclude that synchronous digging activity of many individuals during nest escape evolved not only to facilitate quicker nest emergence but also reduce the energetic cost to individuals

Effects of egg incubation methods on locomotor performances of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchlings

Effects of different incubation methods on crawling and swimming ability of post-emergence green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchlings at Cherating (Kuantan, Pahang) and Chagar Hutang (Pulau Redang, Terengganu) Turtle Sanctuary were analysed during nesting season in 2009. Mean crawling speed of hatchlings incubated in styrofoam box, beach hatchery and in situ were at 0.042±0.008, 0.136±0.026 and 0.143±0.045 m/s, respectively. Crawling performance of hatclings from styrofoam box can be improved by keeping them for at least 48 h after their emergence. For swimming performance, all types of incubation methods showed significant differences in mean power-stroke rate during their early swimming effort ranging at 93-114 strokes/min. However, no correlation was found between morphological characteristics of hatchlings and swimming performance. The results from this study may give different perspective in evaluating hatchling production, which is in terms of hatchling morphological characteristics and their locomotor performance

Synchronous activity lowers the energetic cost of nest escape for sea turtle hatchlings

A potential advantage of group movement in animals is increased locomotion efficiency. This implies a reduced energetic cost for individuals that occur in larger groups such as herds, flocks and schools. When chelonian hatchlings hatch in the underground nest with finite energy for their post-hatching dispersal phase, they face the challenge of minimizing energetic expenditure while escaping the nest. The term 'social facilitation' has been used to describe the combined digging effort of sea turtle hatchlings during nest escape. Given that in a normal clutch, a substantial part of the energy reserve within the residual yolk is used by hatchlings in the digging out process, a decreased cohort size may reduce the energy reserve available to cross the beach and sustain the initial swimming frenzy. This hypothesis was experimentally tested by varying cohort size in hatchling green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and measuring energy expenditure during the nest escape process using open-flow respirometry. The energetic cost of escaping through 40 cm of sand was calculated to vary between 4.4 and 28.3 kJ per individual, the cost decreasing as the number of individuals in the cohort increased. This represents 11-68% of the energy contained in a hatchling's residual yolk at hatching. The reduced energetic cost associated with large cohorts resulted from both a lower metabolic rate per individual and a shortened nest escape time. We conclude that synchronous digging activity of many hatchlings during nest escape evolved not only to facilitate rapid nest emergence but also to reduce the energetic cost to individuals

Tonic immobility in newly emerged sea turtle hatchlings

The ability for animals to become temporarily immobile via external stimulus is known as tonic immobility (TI) and has been widely described among different taxa. However, TI is poorly documented in turtles. We demonstrate TI in newly emerged green turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchlings in relation to potential practical applications and discuss the methodology of how to induce TI. On average, combining all clutches sampled, TI induced green turtle hatchlings to remain immobile for 25 ± 12 sec; thus, we argue that in this state of immobility, researchers and conservationist can safely obtain quantitative variables (e.g., animals' weight and morphological measurements without forceful stressing or harming the animal)

Influence of sand grain size and nest microenvironment on incubation success, hatchling morphology and locomotion performance of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at the Chagar Hutang Turtle Sanctuary, Redang Island, Malaysia

The nest microenvironment affects hatching and emergence success, sex ratios, morphology, and locomotion performance of hatchling sea turtles. Sand grain size is hypothesised to influence the nest microenvironment, but the influence of sand grain size on incubation of sea turtle eggs has rarely been experimentally tested. At the Chagar Hutang Turtle Sanctuary, Redang Island, Malaysia, green turtle (Chelonia mydas) nests were relocated to sands with different sand grain sizes on a natural beach to assess whether grain size affects nest temperature, oxygen partial pressure inside the nest, incubation success, hatchling morphology and hatchling locomotion performance. Green turtle nests in coarse sand were cooler however, hatching success, nest emergence success, oxygen partial pressure, incubation length and hatchling size were not influenced by sand particle size. Nests in medium-grained sands were warmest, and hatchlings from these nests were better self-righters but poorer crawlers and swimmers. Hatchling self-righting ability was not correlated with crawling speed or swimming speed, but crawling speed was correlated with swimming speed, with hatchlings typically swimming 1.5-2 times faster than they crawled. Hence, we found that sand particle size had minimal influence on the nest microenvironment and hatchling outcomes