Securing Cluster Head Selection in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor network routing protocols are prone to various attacks as these protocols mainly provide the function of routing data towards the sink. LEACH is a one of the routing protocol used for clustered implementation of wireless sensor network with Received Signal Strength based dynamic selection of Cluster Heads. But, as with other routing protocols, LEACH is also prone to HELLO flood attack when the malicious sensor node becomes the Cluster Head. Cryptographic and non-cryptographic approaches to detect the presence of HELLO flood attack also exist but they lack efficiency in some way. In this paper, an efficient protocol is proposed for the detection and prevention of HELLO Flood attack in wireless sensor network. Cluster heads are vulnerable to various malicious attacks and this greatly affects the performance of the wireless sensor network. Cryptographic approaches to prevent this attack are not so helpful though some non-cryptographic methods to detect the HELLO Flood attack also exist but they are not too efficient as they result in large test packet overhead. In this paper, we propose HRSRP (Hello flood attack Resistant Secure Routing Protocol) extension to LEACH protocol so as to protect the cluster head against Hello flood attack. HRSRP is base on encryption using Armstrong number and decryption using AES algorithm to verify the identity of cluster head. The proposed technique is implemented in NS2, the experimental results clearly indicate the proposed technique has significant capability for the detection of hello flood attack launched for making the malicious node as the cluster head

Sequential reform strategy: The case of Azerbaijan

The aim is to review transition literature for evidence that supports sequential reform strategy, as presented in this report. The second part discusses the findings in the context of Azerbaijan, a formerly socialist transition economy with interesting initial conditions. Evidence of the country's current need to focus on improving public services fits well with the sequential reform view. The authors argue that constraints captured by initial conditions (human resources, administrative capacities, traditions, etc.) necessitate sequencing of reforms and outline general aspects of a sequential reform strategy designed to expedite the transition process. The literature survey supports the Washington Consensus recommendations for starting transition with macroeconomic reforms, but over time initial conditions inevitably constrain and necessitate sequencing. In other words, reform efforts initially need to be directed across the widest possible front, but later in transition the emphasis of reform efforts needs to shift from one area to another. In the later stages, emphasis needs to be laid on improvement of public sector governance to support and promote macroeconomic reforms and formation of a healthy corporate sector. Democratic institutions arise with economic growth generated by the corporate sector.transition economics; sequencing; governance; macroeconomic reforms; structural reforms; private sector; democracy; Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan: Recent Economic Developments and Policy Issues in Sustainability of Growth

The macro economic stabilisation in Azerbaijan has been successful. Following cessation of conflict with Armenia, and decline of GDP by 60 per cent from 1990 to 1995, the government in effect implemented a big-bang reform process in 1995. The inflation rate has now declined to the lowest rate of any transition country and important reforms in the monetary-fiscal mix have been undertaken. The second plank of first generation reforms, liberalisation, has also been successfully implemented with liberalisation of prices, the trade and foreign exchange regimes and virtual completion of small-scale privatisation, although the onset of the Russian crisis in 1998 has impacted negatively both internal and external balances. The paper presents the current economic picture for Azerbaijan and then assesses economic policy issues facing the country. Azerbaijan is well endowed with natural resources, particularly oil but also gas. The second part of the paper considers the question by focussing on policy issues related to the potential flow of oil-based monies into Azerbaijan. The possibility of the “Dutch Disease” syndrome impacting Azerbaijan through a rising real exchange rate on the non-oil sector is not considered to be a problem at present but is expected to become a policy concern in the medium- to long term. Structural reforms in public finance to deal with expected surpluses are lagging and are necessary in the next phase of the transition of Azerbaijan. Moreover, significant reforms are required in banking – privatisation, improvement in regulation and supervision and in the implementation of supporting legal rights, given the current lack of financial intermediation.Azerbaijan; economic development; oil; Dutch Disease; transition economies

A MicroRNA TARGET PREDICTION ALGORITHM

MicroRNA target prediction using the experimental methods is a challenging task. To accelerate the process of miRNA target validation, many computational methods are used. Computational methods yield many potential candidates for experimental validation. This project is about developing a new computational method using dynamic programming to predict miRNA targets with more accuracy. The project discusses the currently available computational methods and develops a new algorithm using the currently available knowledge about miRNA interactions

A Performance Metrics Scorecard Based Approach to Intrusion Detection System Evaluation for Wireless Network

Wireless Intrusion Detection System (IDS) performance metrics are used to measure the ability of a wireless IDS to perform a particular task and to fit within the performance constraints. These metrics measure and evaluate the parameters that impact the performance of a wireless IDS. Wireless IDS analyze wireless specific traffic including scanning for external users trying to connect to the network through access points and play important role in security to the wireless network. Design of wireless IDS is a difficult task as wireless technology is advancing every day, performance metrics can play an important role in the design of efficient wireless IDS by measuring the factors concern with the performance of a wireless IDS. In this paper we provide a performance metrics scorecard based approach to evaluate intrusion detection systems that are currently popular for wireless networks in the commercial sector. We provide a set of performance metrics that are relevant to wireless IDS and use a 201C;scorecard201D; containing the set of values as the centerpiece of testing and evaluating a wireless IDS. Evaluation of a wireless IDS is done by assigning score to various performance metrics concern with wireless IDS. We apply our performance metrics scorecard evaluation based approach to three popular wireless IDS Snort-wireless, AirDefense Guard, and Kismet. Finally we discuss the results and the opportunities for further work in this area

An Architectural Metrics Scorecard Based Approach to Intrusion Detection System Evaluation for Wireless Network

Wireless IDS architectural metrics are used to compare the intended scope, architecture of wireless IDS, and how they match the deployment architecture. These metrics can be used to evaluate the architectural efficiency of a wireless IDS and can help in designing efficient wireless IDS. Wireless IDS analyze wireless specific traffic including scanning for external users trying to connect to the network through access points and play important role in security to wireless network. Design of wireless IDS is a difficult task as wireless technology is advancing every day, Architectural metrics can play an important role in the design of wireless IDS by measuring the areas concern with the architecture of a wireless IDS. In this paper we describe a set of architectural metrics that are relevant to wireless IDS. A 201C;scorecard201D; containing the set of values is used as the centerpiece of testing and evaluating a wireless IDS. Evaluation of a wireless IDS can be done by assigning score to various architectural metrics concern with wireless IDS. We apply our architectural metrics scorecard based evaluation approach to three popular wireless IDS Snort-wireless, AirDefense Guard, and Kismet. Finally we discuss the results and the opportunities for further work in this area

INFORMATIONAL CONTENT OF IMPLIED AND HISTORICAL VOLATILITY DURING SUB-PRIME CRISIS

The initial paper had concluded that implied volatility is not a good predictor of the realized volatility, and instead historical volatility does a better job of explaining the realized volatility. Based on our findings from the data during the subprime crisis, we observe that both implied volatility and historical volatility are not efficient predictors of future volatility, but when compared, implied volatility does a better job than historical volatility. Our findings differ from the original research as we used a different time-period, and the findings are in line with logical reasoning as during periods of high volatility, historical volatility does not give any prediction of future volatility as circumstances change drastically

ChatGPT: Vision and Challenges

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have changed the nature of scientific inquiry in recent years. Of these, the development of virtual assistants has accelerated greatly in the past few years, with ChatGPT becoming a prominent AI language model. In this study, we examine the foundations, vision, research challenges of ChatGPT. This article investigates into the background and development of the technology behind it, as well as its popular applications. Moreover, we discuss the advantages of bringing everything together through ChatGPT and Internet of Things (IoT). Further, we speculate on the future of ChatGPT by considering various possibilities for study and development, such as energy-efficiency, cybersecurity, enhancing its applicability to additional technologies (Robotics and Computer Vision), strengthening human-AI communications, and bridging the technological gap. Finally, we discuss the important ethics and current trends of ChatGPT

The architectural sign and the architectural gaze

Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium vom 24. bis 27. April 2003 in Weimar an der Bauhaus-Universität zum Thema: ‚MediumArchitektur - Zur Krise der Vermittlung

Piranesi's Campo Marzio plan : the palimpsest of interpretive memory

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1996.Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-127).This paper examines Piranesi's use of imagination in the ichnographic reconstruction of the Campo Mania area of Ancient Rome. This plan was issued in 1762, but as the structures in the plan appear non-Roman and without apparent historical evidence, this work is termed non archaeological. Piranesi's polemical activities in the pan-Grecian debate between 1758-1765 appear to confirm such readings. By 1765, Piranesi stated an argument against rigid rules in architecture. The Campo Mania plan is seen as a precursor to these later critiques against rules, and hence the product of a free run of imagination. This study reveals that some of the imaginative forms of the plan was shown by Piranesi in other plans issued before 1756. It is possible that in 1748 Piranesi aimed at an overall plan of Rome, which was later abandoned. The Campo Mania plan evolved from this endeavor. This paper also shows the extensive use of historic and literary sources in the Campo Mania plan. This use, and the continuous development of the plan from before 1756 renders a polemical reading of the plan untenable. In the eighteenth century, the scientific objectivity of archeology was not codified. The Renaissance's objective of urban reconstruction was to provide an 'image' of ancient Rome, and thus imagination had a role in urban reconstruction. Piranesi's aim in Campo Mania was thus to provide an 'image' of ancient Rome. The main sources of imagination in the Campo Mania plan were the images of ancient Rome provoked by the existing ruins. As most of these ruins were incomplete, they gave Piranesi only fragmented images. Piranesi's memory fragments are not unique; Montano, Peruzzi, Ligorio, and even Palladio's study of antiquity shows similar collection of images. Hence there was a similar image of ancient Rome in the historic consciousness of the Renaissance and the Baroque. In the use of these memory fragments, Piranesi employed the inference that innovation within rules was a trait of the ancient Roman architecture. This inference stemmed from Lodoli's critique of Vitruvius and the Baroque use of ancient models considered not confirming to the Vitruvian rules. Thus Piranesi's argument against rules in the pan-Grecian debate stemmed from similar convictions. Hence for Piranesi, the memory fragments became malleable, to be extended and interpreted within the innovative boundaries of the rules of the ancients. The underlay of Campo Marzio's forms is platonic geometry, primarily due to the iconographic format of the plan. The Campo Mania plan is then the ichonographic geometric iterations of the transformation and collaging of memory fragments, similar to other works in other genres. As the culmination of Piranesi's study of the Marble Plan and antiquarian work in Antichita Romane, for an overall plan of Rome, Campo Mania plan can be termed as the palimpsest of Piranesi's interpretive memory.by Rupinder Singh.M.S