1,663 research outputs found
Metabolic analyzer
An apparatus is described for the measurement of metabolic rate and breathing dynamics in which inhaled and exhaled breath are sensed by sealed, piston-displacement type spirometers. These spirometers electrically measure the volume of inhaled and exhaled breath. A mass spectrometer analyzes simultaneously for oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapor. Computation circuits are responsive to the outputs of the spirometers, mass spectrometer, temperature, pressure and timing signals and compute oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, minute volume and respiratory exchange ratio. A selective indicator provides for read-out of these data at predetermined cyclic intervals
Point-Particle Effective Field Theory III: Relativistic Fermions and the Dirac Equation
We formulate point-particle effective field theory (PPEFT) for relativistic
spin-half fermions interacting with a massive, charged finite-sized source
using a first-quantized effective field theory for the heavy compact object and
a second-quantized language for the lighter fermion with which it interacts.
This description shows how to determine the near-source boundary condition for
the Dirac field in terms of the relevant physical properties of the source, and
reduces to the standard choices in the limit of a point source. Using a
first-quantized effective description is appropriate when the compact object is
sufficiently heavy, and is simpler than (though equivalent to) the effective
theory that treats the compact source in a second-quantized way. As an
application we use the PPEFT to parameterize the leading energy shift for the
bound energy levels due to finite-sized source effects in a model-independent
way, allowing these effects to be fit in precision measurements. Besides
capturing finite-source-size effects, the PPEFT treatment also efficiently
captures how other short-distance source interactions can shift bound-state
energy levels, such as due to vacuum polarization (through the Uehling
potential) or strong interactions for Coulomb bound states of hadrons, or any
hypothetical new short-range forces sourced by nuclei.Comment: 29 pages plus appendices, 3 figure
Failure of Perturbation Theory Near Horizons: the Rindler Example
Persistent puzzles to do with information loss for black holes have
stimulated critical reassessment of the domain of validity of semiclassical EFT
reasoning in curved spacetimes, particularly in the presence of horizons. We
argue here that perturbative predictions about evolution for very long times
near a horizon are subject to problems of secular growth - i.e. powers of small
couplings come systematically together with growing functions of time. Such
growth signals a breakdown of naive perturbative calculations of late-time
behaviour, regardless of how small ambient curvatures might be. Similar issues
of secular growth also arise in cosmology, and we build evidence for the case
that such effects should be generic for gravitational fields. In particular,
inferences using free fields coupled only to background metrics can be
misleading at very late times due to the implicit assumption they make of
perturbation theory when neglecting other interactions. Using the Rindler
horizon as an example we show how this secular growth parallels similar
phenomena for thermal systems, and how it can be resummed to allow late-time
inferences to be drawn more robustly. Some comments are made about the
appearance of an IR/UV interplay in this calculation, as well as on the
possible relevance of our calculations to predictions near black-hole horizons.Comment: LaTeX, 17 pages plus appendix; added references and subsection on
back-reactio
A 3.55 keV Photon Line and its Morphology from a 3.55 keV ALP Line
Galaxy clusters can efficiently convert axion-like particles (ALPs) to
photons. We propose that the recently claimed detection of a 3.55--3.57 keV
line in the stacked spectra of a large number of galaxy clusters and the
Andromeda galaxy may originate from the decay of either a scalar or fermionic
keV dark matter species into an axion-like particle (ALP) of mass , which subsequently converts to a photon in
the cluster magnetic field. In contrast to models in which the photon line
arises directly from dark matter decay or annihilation, this can explain the
anomalous line strength in the Perseus cluster. As axion-photon conversion
scales as and cool core clusters have high central magnetic fields, this
model can also explains the observed peaking of the line emission in the cool
cores of the Perseus, Ophiuchus and Centaurus clusters, as opposed to the much
larger dark matter halos. We describe distinctive predictions of this scenario
for future observations.Comment: 6 page
Point-Particle Effective Field Theory II: Relativistic Effects and Coulomb/Inverse-Square Competition
We apply point-particle effective field theory (PPEFT) to compute the leading
shifts due to finite-size source effects in the Coulomb bound energy levels of
a relativistic spinless charged particle. This is the analogue for spinless
electrons of the contribution of the charge-radius of the source to these
levels, and we disagree with standard calculations in several ways. Most
notably we find there are two effective interactions with the same dimension
that contribute to leading order in the nuclear size. One is the standard
charge-radius contribution, while the other is a contact interaction whose
leading contribution to arises linearly in the small length scale,
, characterizing the finite-size effects, and is suppressed by
. We argue that standard calculations miss the contributions of
this second operator because they err in their choice of boundary conditions at
the source for the wave-function of the orbiting particle. PPEFT predicts how
this boundary condition depends on the source's charge radius, as well as on
the orbiting particle's mass. Its contribution turns out to be crucial if the
charge radius satisfies , with the
Bohr radius, since then relativistic effects become important. We show how the
problem is equivalent to solving the Schr\"odinger equation with competing
Coulomb, inverse-square and delta-function potentials, which we solve
explicitly. A similar enhancement is not predicted for the hyperfine structure,
due to its spin-dependence. We show how the charge-radius effectively runs due
to classical renormalization effects, and why the resulting RG flow is central
to predicting the size of the energy shifts. We discuss how this flow is
relevant to systems having much larger-than-geometric cross sections, and the
possible relevance to catalysis of reactions through scattering with monopoles.Comment: LaTeX, 22 pages plus appendices, v3: revised appendices, made more
precise and concise discussion about proton radius for mesonic system
Comparisons of global topographic/isostatic models to the Earth's observed gravity field
The Earth's gravitational potential, as described by a spherical harmonic expansion to degree 180, was compared to the potential implied by the topography and its isostatic compensation using five different hypothesis. Initially, series expressions for the Airy/Heiskanen topographic isostatic model were developed to the third order in terms of (h/R), where h is equivalent rock topography and R is a mean Earth radius. Using actual topographic developments for the Earth, it was found that the second and third terms of the expansion contributed 30 and 3 percents, of the first of the expansion. With these new equations it is possible to compute depths (D) of compensation, by degree, using 3 different criteria. The results show that the average depth implied by criterion I is 60 km while it is about 33 km for criteria 2 and 3 with smaller compensation depths at the higher degrees. Another model examined was related to the Vening-Meinesz regional hypothesis implemented in the spectral domain. Finally, oceanic and continental response functions were derived for the global data sets and comparisons made to locally determined values
Skylab medical data evaluation program (SMEDEP)
A day-by-day summary of selected data collected during the experiment is presented. The clinical and environmental data are presented in a mission-day format along with a tabulation of biomedical measurements whose values exceed three standard deviations from the preflight measurements
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