Channel processes of the Ob River and the use of the river for water transport purposes

The Ob River is one of the largest rivers in Russia and currently the most important traffic route in Western Siberia. The paper presents the history of water transport on the Ob River against the background of channel processes limiting the navigation on the river. The heterogeneity of the Ob River is determined by specific features of the channel processes and the stability of the riverbed, morphological types of the channel, the nature of deformations, long-term and seasonal changes of riffles and sections of the channel characterized by the presence of riffles. The main measures aimed at improving the navigational conditions of the Ob River include dredging of riffles, construction of dams and bypass channels

Strategy of protection against hazardous channel and hydrological processes in rivers of developed territories and territories with focal development

In 2012-2015, the Makkaveev Research Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Fluvial Processes of MSU, Department of Geography, carried out a research, including analysis of hydrological and channel regimes of the Tom river in the Kuznetsk basin (Kuzbass) and the Katun river up to Uimonsky (the Altai), intra-mountain drainage basins, the survey of floodplains and eroded banks, and modelling of floods occurring in floodplains. As a result, a concept has been developed to improve protection measures against hazardous hydrological and channel processes. More than 200 engineering and organisational events were suggested as part of the concept. Given the dense network of river banks and the high potential damage caused by floods in Kuzbass, the continuous protection of cities, large residential and commercial areas, as well as sections of roads and railways subject to erosion is a priority in the flood control concept. In the case of the Katun river basin, characterized by local development, low population density, and relatively small damage caused by floods, the emphasis is put on organisational measures: prevention, evacuation of people and property, insurance and compensation. Selective engineering structures should, as a matter of priority, reduce the dangerous erosion of river banks and ensure a high level of protection of the territory against floods

Клиническая эффективность пневмококковой конъюгированной 13-валентной вакцины у детей раннего возраста

Objective: Our aim was to study the clinical efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate 13-valent vaccine (PCV13) in children aged less than 3 years.Methods: retrospective comparative study of the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI), otitis and pneumonia during the first three years of life in 184 children vaccinated with PKV13 and 186 unvaccinated peers.Results: 91 of 184 children (49.4%) were vaccinated during the 1st year of life, 61 (33.2%) — during the 2nd year, and 32 (17.4%) — during the 3rd year. Number of ARI per 1 child among children vaccinated in the 1st year of life was 5.5 times less than among unvaccinated children (0.42 and 2.31 cases); frequency of otitis during the second year of life was 6.8 times less (7.6% and 52.1%, р < 0,01), and during the third — 34.7 times less (1.1% and 38.2%, р < 0,01). All children vaccinated before the age of 1 were 6.3 times less (1.1% and 6.9%) ill with pneumonias. Additionally it was noted that number of ARI per 1 person among children, vaccinated during the 1st year of life, during the third year of life was lower than among children vaccinated later (0.42; 1.02; 2.03 respectively). There also was a significant in otitis number between children vaccinated during the first and the third years of life (1.1 and 15.6% р < 0,01).Conclusion: to reduce the incidence of ARI, otitis and pneumonia in children, it is necessary to vaccinate children with PCV13 in the age under 1 year. «Catching up» immunization of the second and third years of life is effective, but to a lesser extent.Цель исследования: изучить клиническую эффективность вакцинации против пневмококковой инфекции конъюгированной тринадцативалентной вакциной (ПКВ13) детей в возрасте до 3 лет.Методы: ретроспективное сравнительное исследование заболеваемости острыми респираторными инфекциями (ОРИ), отитами и пневмониями на протяжении первых трех лет жизни у 184 детей, привитых ПКВ13, и их 186 непривитых сверстников.Результаты. На 1-м году жизни вакцинирован 91 ребенок из 184 (49,4%), на 2-м — 61 (33,2%), на 3-м — 32 (17,4%). У привитых на первом году жизни по сравнению с непривитыми число ОРИ на 1 ребенка на третьем году жизни было в 5,5 раз меньше (0,42 и 2,31 случая), частота отитов на втором году жизни — в 6,8 раз меньше (7,6 и 52,1%; р < 0,01), на третьем — в 34,7 раз меньше (1,1 и 38,2%; р < 0,01). Пневмониями за все три года привитые до одного года болели в 6,3 раза меньше (1,1 и 6,9%). Дополнительно было отмечено, что у детей, вакцинированных на первом году жизни, на третьем году число ОРИ на 1 человека было меньше, чем у привитых позже (0,42; 1,02; 2,03 соответственно на первом, втором и третьем году наблюдения), также достоверно различалось число отитов между привитыми на первом и третьем годах (1,1 и 15,6%; р < 0,01).Заключение. Для снижения заболеваемости детей ОРИ, отитами и пневмониями необходима вакцинация ПКВ13 в возрасте до одного года. «Нагоняющая» иммунизация на втором и третьем годах жизни эффективна, но в меньшей степени

Prematurely Born Children: Vaccination – Safety and Specific Immune Response

The analysis of safety and efficiency of vaccination of the children born before the term (61 children of 1 – 4 degree of prematurity) and children born in time (21 children – group of comparison). For vaccination and revaccination was used: DTP (20 and 15 children respectively), DTaP (22 and 4 children), pentavalentny vaccine (DTaP/IPV/Hib – 9 and 2 children) and DT (10 children of the studied group with convulsion in the anamnesis). Against measles, mumps and a rubella was immunized 47 and 20 children respectively. After immunization all clinical symptoms was analyzed and after 2 months diphtheria measles and mumps antibodies was detected.Prematurely born children has the 1 vaccination for 3 – 4 months later, then infants, with born at time. After vaccination 75.4% and 74.5% infants in both groups hadn’t any clinical symptoms. Acute respiratory infection was registered with the same frequency (25,5 – 25.0% and 24.6 – 23.8%). The antibodies titer to diphtheria, measles, mumps didn't depend on degree of prematurity

Clinical Efficacy of Pneumococcal Conjugate 13-valent Vaccine in Young Children

Objective: Our aim was to study the clinical efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate 13-valent vaccine (PCV13) in children aged less than 3 years.Methods: retrospective comparative study of the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI), otitis and pneumonia during the first three years of life in 184 children vaccinated with PKV13 and 186 unvaccinated peers.Results: 91 of 184 children (49.4%) were vaccinated during the 1st year of life, 61 (33.2%) — during the 2nd year, and 32 (17.4%) — during the 3rd year. Number of ARI per 1 child among children vaccinated in the 1st year of life was 5.5 times less than among unvaccinated children (0.42 and 2.31 cases); frequency of otitis during the second year of life was 6.8 times less (7.6% and 52.1%, р < 0,01), and during the third — 34.7 times less (1.1% and 38.2%, р < 0,01). All children vaccinated before the age of 1 were 6.3 times less (1.1% and 6.9%) ill with pneumonias. Additionally it was noted that number of ARI per 1 person among children, vaccinated during the 1st year of life, during the third year of life was lower than among children vaccinated later (0.42; 1.02; 2.03 respectively). There also was a significant in otitis number between children vaccinated during the first and the third years of life (1.1 and 15.6% р < 0,01).Conclusion: to reduce the incidence of ARI, otitis and pneumonia in children, it is necessary to vaccinate children with PCV13 in the age under 1 year. «Catching up» immunization of the second and third years of life is effective, but to a lesser extent

Comparative Assessment of Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Commercial Influenza Inactivated Vaccines: Polymer-Subunit Grippol plus, Subunit Influvac, Split Vaccine Waxigrip

Objective. To compare the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of inactivated influenza vaccines: Grippol Plus polymer subunit vaccine, Influvac subunit vaccine, and Vaxigrip split vaccine as part of influenza prevention in people aged 18 - 55 with no pre-existing conditions. Materials and methods. Comparative study of three groups of volunteers with no pre-existing conditions using coded serum samples. Randomisation: 1:1:1. Group 1:100 people vaccinated with Grippol® Plus, Group 2:100 people vaccinated with Influvac, Group 3: 100 people vaccinated with Vaxigrip. The study looked into the levels of specific hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies to influenza viruses in a standard hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI), with the coding of sera obtained before the vaccination and 28 days post-vaccination. The seroconversion rate (share of patients with the antibody titer increase of more than 4x) and seroprotection rate (share of patients with antibody titer > 1:40) were measured. Reactogenicity was evaluated based on the intensity of systemic and local reactions during the first five days post-vaccination. Results. Reactogenicity: in general the number and intensity of systemic and local reactions in all the groups was insignificant, the reactions were mild and required no treatment with medications. Tolerability levels were high. There was a reliable decline in local reactions to subunit vaccines over time. Immunogenicity: the seroprotection rate for the A/H1N1 strain on day 28 post-vaccination was 95.0% for the Grippol Plus group, 95.0% for the Influvac group, and 96.0% for the Vaxigrip group. The seroprotection rate for the A/H3N2 strain on day 28 post-vaccination was 90.9% for the Grippol Plus group, 90.0% for the Influvac group, and 96.0% for the Vaxigrip group. The seroprotection rate for the B strain on day 28 post-vaccination was 99.0% for the Grippol Plus group, 100.0% for the Influvac group, and 100.0% for the Vaxigrip group. Conclusion: the study found that the Grippol Plus, Influvac, and Vaxigrip vaccines have similar efficacy in vaccination against the A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and В strains 28 days post-vaccination. All the vaccines tested were in line with the CPMP requirements to the immunogenicity of human influenza vaccines. All the vaccines had a similar safety profile, but the incidence of injection site pain, swelling and itching was reliably lower in those vaccinated with the Grippol Plus and Influvac vaccines as compared to the Vaxigrip vaccine