Vulnerability of Spanish forests under climatic change: evaluation through models

Los bosques son ecosistemas fundamentales en la generación de servicios ecosistémicos y, por tanto, para el bienestar humano. El cambio global (incluyendo cambio climático y cambios en el uso del suelo) puede, sin embargo, alterar la dinámica y el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas, afectando al futuro suministro de servicios ecosistémicos. La vulnerabilidad frente al cambio global depende de la exposición (magnitud del cambio), la sensibilidad (susceptibilidad al cambio), y la capacidad de adaptación (habilidad para ajustarse al cambio) de las especies. En el presente trabajo presentamos diversas aproximaciones de modelización que permiten analizar los diferentes componentes de la vulnerabilidad, e incluimos ejemplos desarrollados para bosques de la península Ibérica. A pesar de estos avances, la evidencia empírica y teórica para integrar los impactos potenciales (i.e. incluyendo la exposición y la sensibilidad) y la capacidad de adaptación de las especies, es escasa. Por ello, para una adecuada evaluación sería necesario mejorar el conocimiento existente sobre la sensibilidad y capacidad de adaptación de las especies y su respuesta frente a cambios ambientales extremos (por ejemplo, mediante redes de seguimiento a largo plazo), integrando adecuadamente la información obtenida en modelos que incluyan procesos basados en diferentes niveles de organización biológica, desde procesos fisiológicos a modelos agregados de distribución de especies.Forest ecosystems contribute to human well-being providing critical ecosystem services. Global change (including climate and land-use changes), however, can alter ecosystem functioning and structure, even jeopardizing the future supply of ecosystem services. Vulnerability to global change depends on exposition (magnitude of the change), sensitivity (susceptibility to the change), and adaptive capacity (ability to adjust to the change) of the species. Here, we summarize diverse modeling approaches to analyze the different components of vulnerability, providing specific examples focused on Iberian forests. Despite of these advances, our empirical and theoretical ability to provide integrated assessments of potential impacts (i.e. including both exposition and sensitivity) of climate change and adaptive capacity is still very limited. An adequate estimation of vulnerability requires improving our knowledge about the adaptive capacity of species and their response to extreme environmental changes (e.g. through long-term monitoring networks), as well as integrating the knowledge obtained from models developed at different levels of biological organization, from physiological process-based models to aggregated species distribution models.Esta revisión ha sido financiada por el proyecto REMEDINAL-2 de la Comunidad de Madrid (S2009/AMB-1783) y el proyecto IN-2013-004 de The Leverhulme Trust

Divergent occurrences of juvenile and adult trees are explained by both environmental change and ontogenetic effects

Recent climate warming has fueled interest into climate-driven range shifts of tree species. A common approach to detect range shifts is to compare the divergent occurrences between juvenile and adult trees along environmental gradients using static data. Divergent occurrences between life stages can, however, also be caused by ontogenetic effects. These include shifts of the viable environmental conditions throughout development (?ontogenetic niche shift') as well as demographic dependencies that constrain the possible occurrence of subsequent life stages. Whether ontogenetic effects are an important driver of divergent occurrences between juvenile and adult trees along large-scale climatic gradients is largely unknown. It is, however, critical in evaluating whether impacts of environmental change can be inferred from static data on life stage occurrences. Here, we first show theoretically, using a two-life stage simulation model, how both temporal range shift and ontogenetic effects can lead to similar divergent occurrences between adults and juveniles (juvenile divergence). We further demonstrate that juvenile divergence can unambiguously be attributed to ontogenetic effects, when juveniles diverge from adults in opposite direction to their temporal shift along the environmental gradient. Second, to empirically test whether ontogenetic effects are an important driver of divergent occurrences across Europe, we use repeated national forest inventories from Sweden, Germany and Spain to assess juvenile divergence and temporal shift for 40 tree species along large-scale climatic gradients. About half of the species-country combinations had significant juvenile divergences along heat sum and water availability gradients. Only a quarter of the tree species had significant detectable temporal shifts within the observation period. Furthermore, significant juvenile divergences were frequently associated with opposite temporal shifts, indicating that ontogenetic effects are a relevant cause of divergent occurrences between life stages. Our study furthers the understanding of ontogenetic effects and challenges the practice of inferring climate change impacts from static data.Universidad de AlcaláMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónAgencia Estatal de Investigació

La última actualización de la cartografía CORINE Land Cover (CLC2012) en España: repercusiones para los estudios de cambios en la cobertura y uso del suelo

Nuestro objetivo es evaluar cuantitativamente para cada clase de cobertura la repercusión del cambio metodológico en la producción de la última actualización del CLC en España, lo que implica diferenciarlo del cambio "real" causado por la propia dinámica temporal y sus correspondientes factores antrópicos o naturales. Por ese motivo no tenía sentido comparar el CLC2006 original con CLC2012, sino comparar las dos metodologías cartográficas (i.e. fotointerpretación tradicional y generalización) referidas a un mismo territorio y momento temporal (2005), controlando de esta forma el efecto de cambio en el tiempo

Biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic drivers of demographic performance of non-native Eucalyptus and Pinus species in forested areas of Spain

Non-native trees enhance services that are fundamental for human well-being. Yet, the extensive use of non-native trees has the potential of causing environmental and socio-economic harm. Eucalyptus and Pinus are the most widely distributed and extensively planted tree genera worldwide, because their rapid growth allows profitable production of timber and pulp. Their naturalization is causing severe effects on the environment, but the relative importance of underlying factors determining their demographic performance is not well known. Thus, our aim was to evaluate the relative importance of biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic factors driving demographic changes of Eucalyptus and Pinus at the regional scale. We compiled environmental variables and demographic data for Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Pinus radiata across 6388 permanent forestland plots surveyed in the Spanish Forest Inventory (SFI). We used the second (1986?1996), third (1997?2007), and fourth (2008?2017) SFI datasets to quantify annual changes in basal area per plot between consecutive inventories (?BA; m2 ha?1 year?1). We also quantified the components of ?BA: tree ingrowth (transitions from juvenile to adult trees), growth, and mortality. We evaluated juvenile recruitment with in-situ regeneration (No. juvenile trees ha?1) within plots already occupied by the focal species in the previous inventory, and with natural colonization of plots where the focal species was absent at the beginning of the time interval. We found that the structure of the biotic community was especially important to explain demographic performance of non-native trees growing in benign environments (E. globulus and P. radiata), whereas abiotic factors were particularly important regulating basal area increments of E. camaldulensis, which occurs in harsher environments. Basal area increments decreased with species and functional richness, heterospecific density, mean annual temperature, and increased with soil capacity to retain nutrients and water. Colonization of new plots increased with propagule availability in the surrounding landscape. Tree cutting was beneficial for P. radiata. Collectively, our results suggest that non-native trees perform better in forests with high propagule pressure, low biotic resistance, favourable abiotic conditions, and human management.Agencia Estatal de InvestigaciónUniversidad de AlcaláMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónComunidad de Madri

Salud y Sostenibilidad: los Objetivos de Desarrollos Sostenible como herramienta pedagógica en el Grado de Biología Sanitaria con implicaciones profesionales y sociales

Los futuros graduados en Biología Sanitaria pueden mejorar su impacto profesional en salud pública incorporando como referencia el avance hacia los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Se llevó a cabo un proyecto de innovación docente en la asignatura de Ecología y Bienestar Humano con el objetivo de que los alumnos profundizasen en la gestión de la salud considerando los ODS y la dimensión del medio ambiente. Se utilizaron las metodologías de “Aprendizaje Basado en Retos y Aprendizaje Basado en Investigación” en las prácticas y seminarios a través de dos casos de estudio. La adquisición de competencias se evaluó a través de una encuesta estructurada que pretendía medir la opinión de los estudiantes respecto a la importancia de los ODS en la salud y en su futuro profesional. Los resultados muestran un aumento en la importancia que los alumnos dieron a la relación entre salud y ecología tras la asignatura, a la vez que un aumento en su motivación

Links between climate change knowledge, perception and action: impacts on personal carbon footprint

The current understanding of determinants of climate action and mitigation behaviour is largely based on measures of climate change including concerns, attitudes and beliefs. However, few studies have shown the actual effects of external and internal drivers on citizens' lifestyles related to climate change, particularly in terms of their carbon footprint (CF). A questionnaire (N = 845) assessing the impact of potential explanation factors for personal CF was carried out in Spain. The study showed the importance of better understanding the factors affecting citizen's consumption and climate change mitigation policies. Internal factors were not very explicative. Knowledge was linked to clothing and perceived commitment to food, with both sectors being more directly linked to personal choices than other CF sections. Both accounted for 40% of personal emissions. Frequency of action was not shown to be significantly related to any CF section. External factors, such as income, level of studies, age and type of work, were found to be more important than internal drivers in explaining personal CF, particularly type of work, age and income, which were linked to all CF sectors but household energy. Sex was highly associated to clothing, but also significant for transport. Political orientation was not found to be linked to any section of personal CF.Universidad de AlcaláComunidad de Madri

Long-term dynamics of shrub facilitation shape the mixing of evergreen and deciduous oaks in Mediterranean abandoned fields

Recovery of Mediterranean forests after field abandonment is a slow process, even without propagule limitations. This is mainly due to stressful conditions for seedling establishment. In this context, shrubs play a critical role in facilitating tree recruitment, but how this process unfolds after field abandonment is not entirely known. We evaluated the long-term dynamics of facilitation by the nurse shrub Retama sphaerocarpa in the recruitment of two ecologically contrasting oaks, the evergreen Quercus ilex and the deciduous Quercus faginea. Thirty years after field abandonment, we dated shrubs and oak established in an old field to estimate the annual recruitment rates and investigate temporal recruitment patterns. For oaks, we differentiated recruitment at each microsite (i.e., open or under shrub). To assess how nurse shrubs modulated environmental stressors, we modelled oak recruitment as a function of climatic variables. For the evergreen oak, we assessed these effects within each microsite. Finally, we estimated the annual interaction index between shrubs and oak juveniles as a function of climatic conditions

Modelling tree growth in monospecific forests from forest inventory data

The prediction of tree growth is key to further understand the carbon sink role of forests and the short-term forest capacity on climate change mitigation. In this work, we used large-scale data available from three consecutive forest inventories in a Euro-Mediterranean region and the Bertalanffy?Chapman?Richards equation to model up to a decade?s tree size variation in monospecific forests in the growing stages. We showed that a tree-level fitting with ordinary differential equations can be used to forecast tree diameter growth across time and space as function of environmental characteristics and initial size. This modelling approximation was applied at different aggregation levels to monospecific regions with forest inventories to predict trends in aboveground tree biomass stocks. Furthermore, we showed that this model accurately forecasts tree growth temporal dynamics as a function of size and environmental conditions. Further research to provide longer term prediction forest stock dynamics in a wide variety of forests should model regeneration and mortality processes and biotic interactions