Evaluación inmunológica de un antígeno parasitario (Cooperia Curticei) en ovinos.

The gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep represent productive and economic losses in sheep production in Ecuador, among the most important parasites is Cooperia curticei, that is a nematode that causes gastrointestinal disorders, anemia and even death. The objective of this research is evaluating the parasite load and the immune response of the inoculated sheep with the parasite antigen for Cooperia curticei by means of stool examination, serological tests (complete blood count and immunoglobulins A and E), and fleece quality. The research was carried out in the Cusualó neighborhood, Pujilí Canton, Cotopaxi Province, with 30 creole sheep between 8 months and 3 years of age, males and females. Based on the aforementioned, it was proceeded to perform coproparasitary, hematological and immunological analyzes pre and post inoculation of the animals. The pre-inoculation sheep presented Cooperia curticei eggs in their stool. After 48 days, stool tests were performed again, thus obtaining a significant difference <0.05, confirming the reduction of parasites in 22 sheep, while 8 were free of parasites. In IgA, was observed a decrease in 17 sheep post inoculation, however, there was no significant difference. The post-inoculation IgA results showed that 70% remained within normal parameters, with slight alterations within the ranges, however there was no significant difference. Regarding the hematological examination, a significant difference (p-value <0.05) was determined in all parameters except hematocrit and platelets; in the red line 6.67% of the sheep presented anemia prior to inoculation and after inoculation it was reduced to 50%, in the white line before inoculation 100% of the animals presented chronic inflammation and then after the inoculation 3.33% of the animals presented acute inflammation. The analysis of the fleece showed a significant difference (p-value<0.05) in fineness, undulations and inch average, parameters taken into account for fleece quality and industrialization, however, the other parameters did not show a significant difference.Las parasitosis gastrointestinales en ovinos representan pérdidas productivas y económicas en las producciones ovinas del Ecuador, entre los parásitos más importantes se encuentra Cooperia curticei, un nemátodo que produce afecciones gastrointestinales, anemia e incluso muerte. El presente trabajo investigativo tiene como objetivo evaluar la carga parasitaria y la respuesta inmunitaria de los ovinos inoculados con el antígeno parasitario para Cooperia curticei mediante examen coprológico, pruebas serológicas (hemograma e inmunoglobulinas A y E), y calidad del vellón. La investigación se llevó a cabo en el barrio Cusualó, cantón Pujilí, provincia de Cotopaxi, con 30 ovinos de la raza criolla entre 8 meses a 3 años de edad, hembras y machos. Con base en lo anteriormente mencionado se procedió a realizar análisis coproparasitario, hematológicos e inmunológicos pre y post inoculación de cada uno de los animales. Los ovinos pre-inoculación presentaron huevos de Cooperia curticei en heces, a los 48 días se realizó nuevamente los exámenes coprológicos obteniendo así una diferencia significativa <0,05 que confirma la reducción de parásitos en 22 ovinos mientras que 8 quedaron libres de parásitos. En la IgE se observó una disminución en 17 ovinos post inoculación, sin embargo, no existió diferencia significativa. Los resultados de la IgA post-inoculación mostraron que el 70% se mantuvo dentro de los parámetros normales, con un ligeras alteraciones dentro de los rangos sin embargo no hubo diferencia significativa. Respecto al examen de hematológico se determinó una diferencia significativa (p-value <0,05) en todos los parámetros a excepción del hematocrito y plaquetas; en la línea roja 6,67% de los ovinos presentaron anemia previo a la inoculación y posterior a la inoculación se redujo al 50% de animales con anemia, en la línea blanca pre inoculación el 100% de los animales presentaron una inflamación crónica y luego de la inoculación el 3,33% de los animales presentaron una inflamación aguda. El análisis del vellón mostró una diferencia significativa de (p-value<0,05) en finura, ondulaciones y promedio en pulgada, parámetros tomados en cuenta para la calidad de vellón e industrialización, sin embargo, los otros parámetros no mostraron diferencia significativa

A global metagenomic map of urban microbiomes and antimicrobial resistance

We present a global atlas of 4,728 metagenomic samples from mass-transit systems in 60 cities over 3 years, representing the first systematic, worldwide catalog of the urban microbial ecosystem. This atlas provides an annotated, geospatial profile of microbial strains, functional characteristics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) markers, and genetic elements, including 10,928 viruses, 1,302 bacteria, 2 archaea, and 838,532 CRISPR arrays not found in reference databases. We identified 4,246 known species of urban microorganisms and a consistent set of 31 species found in 97% of samples that were distinct from human commensal organisms. Profiles of AMR genes varied widely in type and density across cities. Cities showed distinct microbial taxonomic signatures that were driven by climate and geographic differences. These results constitute a high-resolution global metagenomic atlas that enables discovery of organisms and genes, highlights potential public health and forensic applications, and provides a culture-independent view of AMR burden in cities.Funding: the Tri-I Program in Computational Biology and Medicine (CBM) funded by NIH grant 1T32GM083937; GitHub; Philip Blood and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant number ACI-1548562 and NSF award number ACI-1445606; NASA (NNX14AH50G, NNX17AB26G), the NIH (R01AI151059, R25EB020393, R21AI129851, R35GM138152, U01DA053941); STARR Foundation (I13- 0052); LLS (MCL7001-18, LLS 9238-16, LLS-MCL7001-18); the NSF (1840275); the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1151054); the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (G-2015-13964); Swiss National Science Foundation grant number 407540_167331; NIH award number UL1TR000457; the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231; the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy; Stockholm Health Authority grant SLL 20160933; the Institut Pasteur Korea; an NRF Korea grant (NRF-2014K1A4A7A01074645, 2017M3A9G6068246); the CONICYT Fondecyt Iniciación grants 11140666 and 11160905; Keio University Funds for Individual Research; funds from the Yamagata prefectural government and the city of Tsuruoka; JSPS KAKENHI grant number 20K10436; the bilateral AT-UA collaboration fund (WTZ:UA 02/2019; Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, UA:M/84-2019, M/126-2020); Kyiv Academic Univeristy; Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine project numbers 0118U100290 and 0120U101734; Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013–2017; the CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya; the CRG-Novartis-Africa mobility program 2016; research funds from National Cheng Kung University and the Ministry of Science and Technology; Taiwan (MOST grant number 106-2321-B-006-016); we thank all the volunteers who made sampling NYC possible, Minciencias (project no. 639677758300), CNPq (EDN - 309973/2015-5), the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Advanced Theory and Application in Statistics and Data Science – MOE, ECNU, the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong through project 11215017, National Key RD Project of China (2018YFE0201603), and Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2017SHZDZX01) (L.S.