Epigraphic news in the middle Ebro (La Rioja)

En la primera parte de este trabajo se dan a conocer siete nuevas inscripciones en piedra de territorio riojano, conteniendo información novedosa principalmente sobre el ejército y las comunicaciones antiguas. En la segunda parte se recogen las inscripciones de nueve vasos cerámicos, hallados en Vareia (Varea, Logroño) y producidos en Calagurris Iulia por el officinator de esa ciudad G. Valerius Verdullus; son un magnífico exponente de la romanización del Ebro al final del período julio-claudio.The first part of this paper deals with seven new inscriptions over stone found in the territory of La Rioja, which give new information mainly about the army and the old communications. The second part deals with the inscriptions over nine ceramic vases found in Vareia (Varea, Logroño) and made in Calagurris Iulia by G. Valerius, the officinator of that town. They are a magnificent proof of the romanization of the Ebro at the end of the period JuliusClaudius

Demand patterns in Spain

This paper contains the Spanish contribution to the consumption part of the DEMPATEM project. The paper is organized in five Sections and three Appendixes. Section I describes the main data source, the Encuestas de Presupuestos Familiares (EPF) collected by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) in 1973-74, 1980-81 and 1990-91. Measurement problems in relation to household expenditures and incomes are discussed. Section II presents the evolution of consumption expenditure patterns at current prices using two commodity classifications. The first one, fully described in Appendix A, classifies all commodities into 8 goods and 12 services. In the second one, used for international comparisons in the DEMPATEM project, expenditures in housing, health, education and durable goods are excluded from total household expenditures. In the Spanish case, the magnitude to be explained by econometric methods is the change in budget shares of 8 non-durable goods and 9 services between 1980-81 and 1990-91. Section III is devoted to the introduction of a number of potential explanatory factors, including a) demographic and other household characteristics, b) income (or household expenditures) effects, c) changes in household expenditures inequality, d) changes in relative prices holding quantities demanded constant, referred to as the Baumol effect as in Blow et al. (2003), and e) other changes. Sector IV contains a discussion of the estimated budget elasticities for the 17 commodities in 1980-81 and 1990-91, the explanation of the increase in the services share over the period, and the comparison of this magnitude between Spain and the U.S. in 1980 and 1990. Appendix B describes how the Baumol effect has been constructed in the Spanish case, while regression results for the 17 Engel curve system are relegated to Appendix C. The final Section V studies the robustness of the previous result

El debate en torno al concepto de competencias

ResumenEn la actualidad el enfoque educativo basado en competencias se ha establecido sólidamente en la educación médica. El presente artículo revisa las tres grandes transformaciones de la educación médica del siglo xx y del presente. Identifica la complejidad del concepto de competencias, su evolución en el campo de la medicina y las ventajas y retos que presenta.AbstractCurrently the competency-based approach to education has been well established in medical education. This article reviews the three major changes in medical education of the twentieth century and the present, identifies the complexity of the concept of competence, its evolution in the field of medicine, and the benefits and challenges it presents

Our ten years of work on transparet box business simulation

Traditional business games are of the so-called black-box type (BBBS=Black box business simulator); that is to say, the internal structure which generates the results of the simulation after decision-making is not known. As a result, the player normally operates by trial and error and bases his decisions on the symptoms of the problem (the observed behaviors of the system's variables) and not on the real causes of the problem (the system's structure). Since 1988 José A.D. Machuca has insisted that the business games based on System Dynamics models should be Transparent-box business simulators (TBBSs). That means that, during the game, the user has access to the structure of the underlying model and is able to relate it to the observed behaviors. The hypothesis is that such transparency would facilitate causal reflection and favor systemic learning of business problems. In 1990, the G.I.D.E.A.O. Research Group took action on this idea and centered one of its lines of research on this matter, with three main objectives: a) Creation of TBBSs, b) Introduction of TBBSs in undergraduate and graduate Management courses as well as in executive training, c) Experimentation in controlled environments in order to test the hypothesis mentioned in the above paragraph. Now, ten years after the birth of the idea, we would like to share in this paper the results obtained during that period

El futuro del Patrimonio Histórico: la patrimonialización del hombre

Previously considering the handicaps to be analyzed in the present concept of Historic Heritage, this article aims to identify the keys that are determining the future tendencies in its characterization and the results that these may have for its future. Focusing on this purpose it explores an important fact: the progressive process that tends to consider man itself as heritage. This tendency is becoming more and more visible, and has deep effects on its protection since it means the introduction of an important change in the characterization of heritage. This fact changes the role and the relation between man and heritage: from being the patrimonial subject or the final objective of heritage’s protection, man itself is becoming the main object of tutelage, the artefact or heritage intended to be protected.Partiendo de una reflexión previa en la cual se analizan las deficiencias que presenta el concepto de Patrimonio Histórico, el artículo pretende identificar las claves que en la actualidad están marcando la tendencia de futuro en cuanto a la caracterización de dicho concepto, centrándose sobre todo en una idea: la patrimonialización del hombre. Esta tendencia, cada vez más presente y con mayores efectos sobre la tutela, significa introducir un sustancial cambio en la caracterización del Patrimonio Histórico, ya que produce una transmutación del papel desempeñado por el hombre en el mismo, pasando de sujeto patrimonial (fundamentador y destinatario de las políticas tutelares) a objeto patrimonial (el hombre como objeto de protección).

The future of Historic Heritage: Man’s “patrimonialization”

Partiendo de una reflexión previa en la cual se analizan las deficiencias que presenta el concepto de Patrimonio Histórico, el artículo pretende identificar las claves que en la actualidad están marcando la tendencia de futuro en cuanto a la caracterización de dicho concepto, centrándose sobre todo en una idea: la patrimonialización del hombre. Esta tendencia, cada vez más presente y con mayores efectos sobre la tutela, significa introducir un sustancial cambio en la caracterización del Patrimonio Histórico, ya que produce una transmutación del papel desempeñado por el hombre en el mismo, pasando de sujeto patrimonial (fundamentador y destinatario de las políticas tutelares) a objeto patrimonial (el hombre como objeto de protección).Exposing a previous reflection on the conceptual problems that the term Historical Heritage presents, this article has as a goal the identification of the keys of it’s nowadays characterization and the results that these may have for its future. For this purpose, it focuses on an important fact: the progressive process that tends to consider man itself as heritage. This tendency is becoming more and more visible, and has deep effects on the protection since it means the introduction of an important change in the characterization of heritage. This fact changes the role and the relation between man and heritage: from being the patrimonial subject or the final repository of the public politics of protection, man itself is becoming to be the main object of the protection, the artefact or heritage intended to be protected