Spectroelectrochemical Determination of Isoprenaline in a Pharmaceutical Sample

UV/Vis absorption spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) is a multi-response technique that has been commonly used for the characterization of materials and the study of reaction mechanisms. However, it has been scarcely used for quantitative purposes. SEC allows us to obtain two analytical signals simultaneously, yielding a dual sensor in just one experiment. In the last years, our group has developed new devices useful for analysis. In this work, a SEC device in parallel configuration, based on optical fibers fixed on screen-printed electrodes, was used to determine isoprenaline in a commercial drug, using both, the electrochemical and the spectroscopic signals. In this commercial drug, isoprenaline is accompanied in solution by other compounds. Among them is sodium metabisulfite, an antioxidant that strongly interferes in the isoprenaline determination. A simple pretreatment of the drug sample by bubbling wet-air allows us to avoid the interference of metabisulfite. Here, we demonstrate again the capabilities of UV/Vis absorption SEC as double sensor for analysis and we propose a simple pretreatment to remove interfering compounds.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Grant CTQ2017-83935-R-AEI/FEDERUE), Junta de Castilla y León (Grant BU297P18), and Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Grant RED2018-102412-T). F.O. is grateful for the contract funded by Junta de Castilla y León, the European Social Fund and the Youth Employment Initiative. J.G.R. thanks Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad for his postdoctoral contract (Grant CTQ2017-83935-R AEI/FEDER, UE)

Modificaciones en la Ley 22/2003, de 9 de julio, Concursal, introducidas por la Ley 14/2013, de 27 de septiembre, de Apoyo a los Emprendedores y su Internacionalización

This article will analyse the modifications that the so-called «Law on Entrepreneurs» has made to Insolvency Law. It would appear evident that insolvency law is a dynamic social reality. The last large reform of Insolvency Law came about under Law 38/2011 of 10 October. Two years later, some previously amended articles were again modified and, as we will see later, the number of articles and Titles in Law 22/2003 has increased. To find a preface to the amendments, we have to look at Law 5/2012 of 6 July on mediation in civil and trade matters. As you will see, it is not always easy to conciliate two laws and, on this occasion, there is no exception. Lastly, we must recognise that the willingness of the legislator in trying to shorten timeframes and provide fast solutions to matters of such social relevance is praiseworthy – as always, we earnestly hope that theory does not clash directly with reality.A lo largo del presente artículo se irán analizando las modificaciones que la llamada «Ley de Emprendedores» ha introducido en la Ley Concursal. Que el derecho concursal es una realidad social y dinámica parece evidente. La última gran reforma de la Ley Concursal vino dada por la Ley 38/2011, de 10 de octubre. Dos años después, algunos artículos ya reformados se vuelven a modificar y, como veremos a continuación, se aumenta el articulado y los títulos de la Ley 22/2003. Los prolegómenos a las modificaciones habidas hay que buscarlos en la Ley 5/2012, de 6 de julio, de Mediación en Asuntos Civiles y Mercantiles. Como podrá observarse no siempre es fácil conciliar dos leyes y en esta ocasión esto no va a constituir una excepción. Por último, hay que reconocer que siempre es loable la buena disposición del legislador de intentar acortar los plazos y dar soluciones rápidas a temas de tanta relevancia social; como siempre hemos deseado, hacemos votos para que la teoría no choque frontalmente contra la realidad

Modificaciones en la Ley 22/2003, de 9 de julio, Concursal, introducidas por la Ley 14/2013, de 27 de septiembre, de apoyo a los emprendedores y su internacionalización

This article will analyse the modifications that the so-called «Law on Entrepreneurs» has made to Insolvency Law. It would appear evident that insolvency law is a dynamic social reality. The last large reform of Insolvency Law came about under Law 38/2011 of 10 October. Two years later, some previously amended articles were again modified and, as we will see later, the number of articles and Titles in Law 22/2003 has increased. To find a preface to the amendments, we have to look at Law 5/2012 of 6 July on mediation in civil and trade matters. As you will see, it is not always easy to conciliate two laws and, on this occasion, there is no exception. Lastly, we must recognise that the willingness of the legislator in trying to shorten timeframes and provide fast solutions to matters of such social relevance is praiseworthy – as always, we earnestly hope that theory does not clash directly with reality.A lo largo del presente artículo se irán analizando las modificaciones que la llamada «Ley de Emprendedores» ha introducido en la Ley Concursal. Que el derecho concursal es una realidad social y dinámica parece evidente. La última gran reforma de la Ley Concursal vino dada por la Ley 38/2011, de 10 de octubre. Dos años después, algunos artículos ya reformados se vuelven a modificar y, como veremos a continuación, se aumenta el articulado y los títulos de la Ley 22/2003. Los prolegómenos a las modificaciones habidas hay que buscarlos en la Ley 5/2012, de 6 de julio, de Mediación en Asuntos Civiles y Mercantiles. Como podrá observarse no siempre es fácil conciliar dos leyes y en esta ocasión esto no va a constituir una excepción. Por último, hay que reconocer que siempre es loable la buena disposición del legislador de intentar acortar los plazos y dar soluciones rápidas a temas de tanta relevancia social; como siempre hemos deseado, hacemos votos para que la teoría no choque frontalmente contra la realidad

El preconcurso y los acuerdos de refinanciación

In this paper, the authors develop the content of Articles 5 bis, 71.6 and of the fourth additional provision of Ley 22/2003 Concursal of July 9th (Spanish Insolvency Law), taking into account the amendments introduced by Ley 38/2011 de Reforma de la Ley Concursal (Spanish Insolvency Law Reform). Furthermore, the paper presents the concepts included in each provision and indicates the advantages and disadvantages of filing a pre-insolvency notice. It also makes reference to the necessary requirements that refinancing agreements have to meet in order to conform to the Spanish Insolvency Law legal framework. Moreover, this paper analyzes the privilege of fresh money and the requirements and advantages regarding judicial approval of refinancing agreements. Given the serious situation that enterprises and households are experiencing nowadays, the aforementioned concepts are matters of great importance in the current Spanish economy. These concepts could be applied to either of them and especially to SMEs. As indicated throughout the paper, despite the advantages offered, a number of drawbacks have to be taken into account before making a decision, which in any case, will greatly affect the future of society.En este artículo, los autores desarrollan el contenido de los artículos 5 bis, 71.6 y de la disposición adicional cuarta de la Ley 22/2003, de 9 de julio, Concursal, con las modificaciones realizadas por la Ley 38/2011, de Reforma de la Ley Concursal. Se exponen con claridad los conceptos recogidos en cada disposición y se indican las ventajas e inconvenientes de acudir o no al preconcurso y los requisitos necesarios que deben cumplir los acuerdos de refinanciación para ser recogidos dentro del marco legal de la Ley Concursal. Igualmente se analiza el privilegio del fresh money y, por supuesto, los requisitos y ventajas de la homologación judicial de los acuerdos de refinanciación. Todos estos conceptos son aspectos de gran interés en la actual economía española, teniendo en cuenta la grave situación por la que atraviesan las empresas y las familias, siendo de aplicación a todas ellas y especialmente a las PYMES. Como se indica a lo largo de la exposición que se realiza, a pesar de las ventajas que se ofrecen, existen una serie de inconvenientes que han de ser sopesados antes de tomar una decisión u otra, que, en cualquier caso, afectará enormemente al futuro de la sociedad

Diseño e implementación de las instalaciones eléctricas de la policía y enfermería de Arroyo de Piedra

Para construir un sistema eléctrico en un área determinada ya sea para proporcionar energía, para abastecer o como mecanismos de apoyo para equipos, se deben tener en cuenta varios aspectos importantes en cuanto al entorno de esta construcción. Hay que tener muy presente las protecciones contra el riego prioritario de pérdidas humanas y luego las materiales. El fenómeno natural descargas atmosféricas como son los rayos, es de carácter destructivo y a la vez nocivo para el hombre y cualquier estructura construida. Aún cuando no hay un método eficiente para eliminarlo, pueden ser minimizados. Para el diseño de las instalaciones eléctricas de la enfermería y Policía de Arroyo de Piedra, se tuvo en cuenta lo anterior por lo cual será sometido a un estudio o análisis del cual se desprenderán normativas técnicas que serán implementadas, un sistema de puestas a tierra (protección debido a fallas en el sistema) y el diseño y selección de los sistemas de potencia que proporcionaran energía eléctrica al servicio requerido. Para la realización de este trabajo se aplicará la norma NTC 4552; la cual aplica un método en el que maneja el riesgo contra descargas mediante la selección e instalación de dispositivos de protección y teniendo en cuenta la economía.Incluye bibliografía, anexo

Genetic variation in interleukin 28B with respect to vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus and spontaneous clearance in HCV-infected children.

La transmisión vertical del virus de la hepatitis C (HCV-VT) es una ruta principal de infección por HCV en niños, pero los factores de riesgo no se comprenden completamente. Este estudio analizó el papel de la interleucina 28B (IL28B) en HCV-VT y en la eliminación espontánea de HCV entre los infantes infectados. Entre 1991 y 2009, se reclutaron 145 madres para este estudio: 100 eran HCV-RNA+ve / VIH negativo (HIV-ve), con 128 niños, y 33 eran HCV-RNA-ve / HCV anticuerpo+ve, con 43 niños. Los infantes fueron evaluados para HCV-RNA al nacer y a intervalos regulares hasta la edad de 6 años. Se determinó IL28B (polimorfismo de nucleótido simple rs12979860) en las madres y los niños. Se asumió HCV-VT cuando los niños presentaron HCV-RNA+ve en dos muestras de sangre consecutivas. Los infantes infectados por HCV-VT se categorizaron como: (1) viremia transitoria con posterior HCV-RNA-ve y sin seroconversión; (2) infección persistente con seroconversión. De las 31 madres con polimorfismo CC, 19 (61%) eran HCV-RNA+ve, mientras que entre las 68 madres con polimorfismo no-CC, 56 (82%) eran HCV-RNA+ve. En total, 26 de 128 (20%) infantes nacidos de madres HCV-RNA+ve adquirieron la infección por HCV, pero solo 9 (7%) estaban crónicamente infectados. La tasa de HCV-VT fue mayor entre las madres con mayor viremia de HCV. No se detectó HCV-VT en las mujeres HCV-RNA-ve. Ni el estado de IL-28 de las madres ni el de los niños se asoció con un mayor riesgo de HCV-VT. Los factores que influyen en la eliminación viral entre los niños infectados fueron el genotipo no-1 y el genotipo CC de IL28B. En la regresión logística, el polimorfismo CC del niño fue el único predictor de la eliminación de HCV en el genotipo-1 de HCV. Conclusión: La alta carga viral materna es el único factor predictivo de HCV-VT. IL28B no juega ningún papel en HCV-VT, pero el polimorfismo CC de IL28B en niños se asocia independientemente con la eliminación espontánea del genotipo-1 de HCV entre los niños infectados. (HEPATOLOGÍA 2011;53:1830-1838

AA-NAT, MT1 and MT2 Correlates with Cancer Stem-Like Cell Markers in Colorectal Cancer: Study of the Influence of Stage and p53 Status of Tumors

The characterization of colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) may help to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. p53 loss increases the pool of CSCs in colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent reports suggest that the oncostatic effects of melatonin could be related to its ability to kill CSCs. Although there are no data linking the loss of p53 function and melatonin synthesis or signaling in cancer, melatonin does activate the p53 tumor-suppressor pathway in this disease. In this work, we analyze whether the expression of melatonin synthesis and signaling genes are related to the expression of CSC markers and the implication of p53 status in samples from patients with CRC. Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT), MT1, and MT2 expression decreased in tumor samples versus normal mucosa samples in mutated p53 (mtp53) tumors versus those with wild-type p53 (wtp53). Further, AA-NAT and MT2 expression were lower in advanced stages of the disease in wtp53 tumors. On the contrary, CD44 and CD66c expression was higher in tumor versus normal mucosa in wtp53 tumors. Additionally, CD44 expression was higher in advanced stages of the disease regardless of the p53 status. Patients with CD44highCD66chigh and wtp53 tumors in advanced stages showed low expression of AA-NAT and MT2 in wtp53 tumors. These results could indicate a possible interaction of these pathways in CRC.This research was supported by grants from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI-0677-2013). Josefa León acknowledges sponsorship from the Servicio Andaluz de Salud “Nicolás Monardes” program

Therapeutic alternatives for the prevention of intra peritoneal adhesions

Intestinal adhesions are bands of fibrous tissue created by the intimate contact of two injured surface tissues; these appear in 93% of the patient undergoing intra-abdominal or gastrointestinal surgery. The comorbidities associated with the formation of adhesions have an impact on quality care offered to patients, leading to an increase in healthcare. Goals of this study was to perform a review that includes different therapeutic alternatives in basic and clinical research to prevent the formation of postoperative abdominal peritoneal adhesions. A bibliographic search was conducted in different databases including Pub med, Medline, Cochrane, science direct, from the years 2000 to 2018 using the keywords: gastrointestinal adhesions, small bowel obstruction, prophylaxis, treatment. Only experimental and clinical articles were selected. The development of peritoneal adhesions in most of the experimental studies occurred with cecal abrasion, studying the effect of biodegradable materials, drugs and gels such as mXG Hydrogel. Nanofiber membranes, agents created with recombinant technology such as periostin antisense oligonucleotide and aerosol applications such as polysaccharide 4DryField PH, are positioned to replace in the future the actual limited mechanical barriers application commonly used in abdominal surgery such as seprafilm and interceed. There are several anti-adhesion agents in experimental phase with different mechanism of action that could be used in the short term to prevent the formation of post-surgical intestinal adhesions. The inclusion of gastrointestinal surgeons in basic research is increasing and necessary with multidisciplinary collaboration. It is expected in short term the study and development of a greater number of materials to minimize tissue trauma and decrease the formation of post-surgical adhesions

MicroRNAs in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide, currently representing the most common gastrointestinal cancer with 13% of all malignant tumors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that repress the translation of target genes. Since their discovery, they have been shown to play an important role in the development of cancer, since they can act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. A literature review was performed in different databases such as Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, nature, Wolters Kluwer, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library. Studies were included from 2003 to 2018. Colorectal cancer presents genetic heterogeneity, because it can develop in different ways, the pathway through which cancer occurs depends on the gene initially altered. The aberrant expression of microRNAs is implicated in the development of colorectal cancer and its progression. Three existing steps in the maturation of the microRNAs have been identified: 1) transcription of the pri-miRNA, 2) cleavage in the nucleus to form the pre-miRNA and 3) a final excision in the cytoplasm to form the mature microRNA. It has been discovered that miRNAs have an impact on cell proliferation, apoptosis, stress response, maintenance of stem cell potency and metabolism, all important factors in the etiology of cancer. The data analyzed in this article highlights the importance of the study of microRNAs in colorectal cancer, however, for the carcinogenic process, progression, therapeutic management and prognosis, more multicenter randomized clinical trials are needed with a detailed analysis

Angiosome study of the first digital feet space, for reconstruction of the digital tip

Background: The concept of angiosome explains the anatomical variations that exist between the vessels of different regions of the body and helps to understand the contributions of arterial blood supply to the skin and adjacent structures, dividing the human body into three-dimensional vascular blocks.Methods: This was an observational and descriptive study. In both lower extremities of 5 corpses with adequate tissue preservation in the operating room attached to the teaching area of the National Institute of Forensic Sciences in Mexico City. Angiosome study of the medial neurocutaneous flap of the second toe of both feet was performed.Results: The average, in centimeters, of the surface of the flaps was 1.57 cm x 2.47 cm, the average diameter of the inter-metatarsal digital artery was 1.1 millimeters and the average diameter of the veins draining the angiosome was 1.4 millimeters. The most constant anatomy was that of the nerve, which was present in all cases, with the digital nerve forming the neurosome of the flap.Conclusions: To obtain optimal results in microsurgery transfers, it is necessary to have a technique that is quick for harvesting the flap and with adequate systematization so as not to injure the neurovascular bundle, this is achieved through complete anatomical knowledge, without forgetting the main variants