Influencia de las sustituciones isomórficas en los factores de estructura de hidroxisales de Co-Cu; Cu-Zn; Zn-Mg y Mg-Cu.

Depto. de Mineralogía y PetrologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEpu

Partial Activation of SA- and JA-Defensive Pathways in Strawberry upon Colletotrichum acutatum Interaction

[EN] Understanding the nature of pathogen host interaction may help improve strawberry (Fragaria x anahassa) cultivars. Plant resistance to pathogenic agents usually operates through a complex network of defense mechanisms mediated by a diverse array of signaling molecules. In strawberry, resistance to a variety of pathogens has been reported to be mostly polygenic and quantitatively inherited, making it difficult to associate molecular markers with disease resistance genes. Colletotrichum acutaturn spp. is a major strawberry pathogen, and completely resistant cultivars have not been reported. Moreover, strawberry defense network components and mechanisms remain largely unknown and poorly understood. Assessment of the strawberry response to C. acutatum included a global transcript analysis, and acidic hormones SA and JA measurements were analyzed after challenge with the pathogen. Induction of transcripts corresponding to the SA and JA signaling pathways and key genes controlling major steps within these defense pathways was detected. Accordingly, SA and JA accumulated in strawberry after infection. Contrastingly, induction of several important SA, JA, and oxidative stress-responsive defense genes, including FaPR1-1, FaLOX2, FaJAR1, FaPDF1, and FaGST1, was not detected, which suggests that specific branches in these defense pathways (those leading to FaPR1-2, FaPR2-1, FaPR2-2, FaAOS, FaPR5, and FaPR10) were activated. Our results reveal that specific aspects in SA and JA dependent signaling pathways are activated in strawberry upon interaction with C. acutatum. Certain described defense-associated transcripts related to these two known signaling pathways do not increase in abundance following infection. This finding suggests new insight into a specific putative molecular strategy for defense against this pathogen.Authors are grateful to Dr. JM Lopez-Aranda (IFAPA-Centro de Churriana) for providing micropropagated strawberry plants and to Nicolas Garcia-Caparros for technical assistance. Authors also want to thank Kevin M. Folta for his insightful comments on the paper. This work was supported by Junta de Andalucia, Spain [Proyectos de Excelencia P07-AGR-02482/P12-AGR-2174, and grants to Grupo-BIO278].Amil-Ruiz, F.; Garrido-Gala, J.; Gadea Vacas, J.; Blanco-Portales, R.; Munoz-Merida, A.; Trelles, O.; De Los Santos, B.... (2016). Partial Activation of SA- and JA-Defensive Pathways in Strawberry upon Colletotrichum acutatum Interaction. Frontiers in Plant Science. 7(1036). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01036S71036Acosta, I. F., & Farmer, E. E. (2010). Jasmonates. The Arabidopsis Book, 8, e0129. doi:10.1199/tab.0129Al-Shahrour, F., Diaz-Uriarte, R., & Dopazo, J. (2004). 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Development of New Antiproliferative Compound against Human Tumor Cells from the Marine Microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana by Applied Proteomics

Proteomics is a crucial tool for unravelling the molecular dynamics of essential biological processes, becoming a pivotal technique for basic and applied research. Diverse bioinformatic tools are required to manage and explore the huge amount of information obtained from a single proteomics experiment. Thus, functional annotation and protein-protein interactions are evaluated in depth leading to the biological conclusions that best fit the proteomic response in the system under study. To gain insight into potential applications of the identified proteins, a novel approach named "Applied Proteomics" has been developed by comparing the obtained protein information with the existing patents database. The development of massive sequencing technology and mass spectrometry (MS/MS) improvements has allowed the application of proteomics nonmodel microorganisms, which have been deeply described as a novel source of metabolites. Between them, Nannochloropsis gaditana has been pointed out as an alternative source of biomolecules. Recently, our research group has reported the first complete proteome analysis of this microalga, which was analysed using the applied proteomics concept with the identification of 488 proteins with potential industrial applications. To validate our approach, we selected the UCA01 protein from the prohibitin family. The recombinant version of this protein showed antiproliferative activity against two tumor cell lines, Caco2 (colon adenocarcinoma) and HepG-2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), proving that proteome data have been transformed into relevant biotechnological information. From Nannochloropsis gaditana has been developed a new tool against cancer-the protein named UCA01. This protein has selective effects inhibiting the growth of tumor cells, but does not show any effect on control cells. This approach describes the first practical approach to transform proteome information in a potential industrial application, named "applied proteomics". It is based on a novel bioalgorithm, which is able to identify proteins with potential industrial applications. From hundreds of proteins described in the proteome of N. gaditana, the bioalgorithm identified over 400 proteins with potential uses; one of them was selected as UCA01, "in vitro" and its potential was demonstrated against cancer. This approach has great potential, but the applications are potentially numerous and undefined

The Strawberry FaWRKY1 Transcription Factor Negatively Regulates Resistance to Colletotrichum acutatum in Fruit Upon Infection

Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) is a major food crop worldwide, due to the flavor, aroma and health benefits of the fruit, but its productivity and quality are seriously limited by a large variety of phytopathogens, including Colletotrichum spp. So far, key factors regulating strawberry immune response remain unknown. The FaWRKY1 gene has been previously proposed as an important element mediating defense responses in strawberry to Colletotrichum acutatum. To get further insight into the functional role that FaWRKY1 plays in the defense mechanism, Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation was used both to silence and overexpress the FaWRKY1 gene in strawberry fruits (Fragaria ×ananassa cv. Primoris), which were later analyzed upon C. acutatum inoculation. Susceptibility tests were performed after pathogen infection comparing the severity of disease between the two agroinfiltrated opposite halves of the same fruit, one half bearing a construct either for FaWRKY1 overexpression or RNAi-mediated silencing and the other half bearing the empty vector, as control. The severity of tissue damage was monitored and found to be visibly reduced at five days after pathogen inoculation in the fruit half where FaWRKY1 was transiently silenced compared to that of the opposite control half and statistical analysis corroborated a significant reduction in disease susceptibility. Contrarily, a similar level of susceptibility was found when FaWRKY1 overexpression and control fruit samples, was compared. These results unravel a negative regulatory role of FaWRKY1 in resistance to the phytopathogenic fungus C. acutatum in strawberry fruit and contrast with the previous role described for this gene in Arabidopsis as positive regulator of resistance against the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae. Based on previous results, a tentative working model for WRKY75 like genes after pathogen infection is proposed and the expression pattern of potential downstream FaWRKY1 target genes was also analyzed in strawberry fruit upon C. acutatum infection. Our results highlight that FaWRKY1 might display different function according to species, plant tissue and/or type of pathogen and underline the intricate FaWRKY1 responsive defense regulatory mechanism taking place in strawberry against this important crop pathogen

Determinación del porcentaje de sustitución isomórfica en hidroxicloruros de metales bivalentes pro diffracción de rayos-x: cálculo de factores de estructura

Depto. de Mineralogía y PetrologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEpu

Interstratification chlorite-montmorillonite dans les sédiments triasiques

The present paper studies the chlorite-montmorillonite interstratification in samples of the Asturian and Cordillera Iberica's Keuper. A partially random inter stratificationfwith a segregation tendency, is observed in all the samples. This interstratification is A-2 (Asturian Trias) PA = 0,7 y PAA = 0,65, en la C-2 (Asturian Trias) PA = 0,7 y PAA = 0,64 y en la D-212 (Cordillera Iberica Trias) PA-0,60 y PAA - 0,55.Ce travail étudie l'interstratification chlorite-montmorillonite des échantillons appartenant au Keuper des Asturies et de la Cordillère Ibérique. On y voit, dans tous les échantillons, une interstratification partiellement au hasard, tendant à la ségrégation ; cette interstratification est, dans l'échantillon A-2 (Trias Asturien ) PA = 0,7 y PAA = 0,65, en la C-2 (Trias Asturien) PA = 0,7 y PAA = 0,64 y en la D-212 (Trias de la Cordillère Ibérique) PA-0,60 y PAA - 0,55.En el presente trabajo se estudia la interstratificaciòn clorita-montmorillonita en muestras pertenecientes al Keuper de Asturias y Cordillera Ibérica. Se observa que existe en todas las muestras una interstratificaciòn parcialmente al azar con tendencia a la segregaciòn, siendo en la muestra A-2 (Trias Asturiano) PA = 0,7 y PAA = 0,65, en la C-2 (Trias Asturiano) PA = 0,7 y PAA = 0,64 y en la D-212 (Trias de la Cordillera Ibérica) PA-0,60 y PAA - 0,55.Ruiz Amil A., Caballero M.A., Garcia Degano M.J. Interstratification chlorite-montmorillonite dans les sédiments triasiques. In: Bulletin du Groupe français des argiles. Tome 26, fascicule 2, 1974. pp. 239-244

Synthesis of two complexes of cadmium(II) iodide with benzenecarbothioamide (BCTA): Crystal and molecular structure of [Cd(BCTA)2I2]

The reaction between CdI2 and benzenecarbothioamide (BCTA) in ethanol produces crystalline [Cd(BCTA)2I2] but in 1,2-dichloroethane it yields [Cd(BCTA)I2] in powder form. [Cd(BCTA)2I2] has been characterized by X-ray crystallography, and both complexes have also been identified by infrared spectra in the solid phase, 1H NMR, and electrical conductivity studies in solution. The crystals of [Cd(BCTA)2I2] are monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 747.6(1) pm, b = 1958.7(13) pm, c = 1363.6(6) pm, β = 110.307(3)° and Z = 4. Least-squares refinement of the structure based on 4260 observations led to final discrepancy indices of R = 0.043 and Rw = 0.054. The geometry around the cadmium atom is slightly distorted from the tetrahedral. The BCTA is coordinated through the sulphur atom: CdI(1) = 277.2(1) pm, CdI(2) = 272.6(1) pm, CdS(1) = 256.7(3) pm, CdS(2) = 257.5(2) pm. The electrical conductivity studies and NMR and IR spectra are consistent with the structure found for [Cd(BCTA)2I2] and suggest a dimeric trans symmetric tetrahedral structure with halogen bridging (C2h) for [Cd(BCTA)I2]. © 1985