La confesión como medio probatorio en derecho disciplinario y sus características sustanciales en el nuevo Código General Disciplinario (Ley 1952 de 2019)

Artículo de investigaciónEl presente trabajo tiene como objetivo comparar la confesión en materia disciplinaria entre el Código Único Disciplinario del 2002 y el Nuevo Código General Disciplinario del 2019. En materia disciplinaria, era posible que con el Código Único Disciplinario de 2002, el investigado decidiera optar por no tener defensa técnica y por lo tanto, al momento de realizar la confesión, no tuviera pleno conocimiento de las consecuencias jurídicas que ello le traería, quebrantando sus derechos fundamentales a la defensa y al debido proceso. No obstante, el Nuevo Código General Disciplinario contempla de manera obligatoria que, al momento de realizar la confesión, el servidor público debe tener un abogado, independientemente que sea de confianza o de oficio.Introducción 1. Antecedentes históricos de la confesión. 2. Noción de Confesión. 3. La confesión en materia disciplinaria. 4. Conclusiones BibliografíaPregradoAbogad

Assessment of different pre-treatment methods for the removal of limonene in citrus waste and their effect on methane potential and methane production rate

The objective of this study was to assess the limonene removal efficiency of three pre-treatment methods when applied to citrus waste and to evaluate their effects on the biochemical methane potential (BMP) and the methane production rate (MPR) using batch anaerobic testsPostprint (published version

Mecanismos de coordinación legislativa entre Haciendas territoriales

It is necessary to put fiscal federalism in the context of the social and democratic constitutionalism. Wherever it is noted that there is no representation without the possibility to exert normative tax competencies and that the coordination amongst several levels of government leads in practice to executive federalism, we should search new fair and efficient formulae, critically reviewing the rationality of the currently existing ones. These mechanisms of co-ordination should still allow the Parliament to create the taxes, and be fully respectful with the peculiarities in the course of the legislative procedure. Both, the Regional finance and the participation of the Autonomous Communities in the design of Financial and Tax Law in the European Union are a good testing-ground to start working in the proposed task

The influence of fly ash as substitute of cement in the durability of concrete

Limitation of transport capacity through the concrete is one of the key points in the improvement of the material’s durability. The use of fly ash as an admixture to concrete is widely extended; a general consensus has been established due to the pore size reduction produced by the ashes. Nevertheless, the importance of the micro-structural and composition changes in mechanical and durable properties is not well defined. In the present study the use of fly ash has been considered as substitute of cement in the design limits. The concrete mechanical properties and its porous structure were evaluated. The tests included porosimetry and water permeability tests. In order to characterize the hydration products and its evolution with time TG and DTA analysis were performed. This work studies the fly ash concrete hydration process, their influence in the porous distribution, and the mechanical and durable properties of the material

Evaluation in Carbon Dioxide Equivalent and CHG Emissions for Water and Energy Management in Water Users Associations. A Case Study in the Southeast of Spain

Agriculture is an activity linked to the environment and has a great influence on climate change. As more and more crops are producing in less time, agricultural production is intensified and water consumption and energy demand is increasing. Since the energy consumed is not renewable, greenhouse gases (GHG) are emitted and their concentration in the atmosphere increases. The objective of this article is to apply various methodologies for the precise quantification of the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) and GHG emissions in the management of irrigation water and energy in ten water user’s associations (WUAs) in the southeast of Spain. All the studied WUAs include irrigation facilities. This paper is based on obtained data in different water and energy audits during 2017. The concept of “irrigation water management” considered in the article covers the process from its extraction through management data to its transport and application to crops through irrigation systems, as well as the reception of water. The way in which water and energy is used to irrigate crops is taken into account. Moreover, the type of energy used for irrigation and at what moment energy is demanded influence the total amount of generated GHG emissions. The tariff periods for electricity and the water needs of the crops planted also has to be taken into account, as well as the economic emissions valuatio

Robotics and Work: Labor and Tax regulatory Framework

Considering the risks and opportunities created by the latest developments in advanced robotics, we reflect on the social dimension of this phenomenon and, based on ethics, we analyze some legal aspects. In particular, and taking into account the effects of robotics on the labor market, sustainable legal solutions are proposed and progress is made in the principle of socially and legally responsible robotic innovation, in the field of labor relations and in the adoption of tax and fiscal measures applicable in relation to robots

Video Calls Interaction between Secondary Students and Foreign Teachers: An Experience on Intercultural Awareness

El presente proyecto de investigación surgió de la necesidad de desarrollar la Conciencia Intercultural en la clase de inglés en estudiantes de secundaria de un colegio en Bogotá. Uno de los objetivos propuestos fue el de planear, desarrollar y evaluar ciertas interacciones orales a través de videollamadas, una herramienta de Comunicación Mediada por Computador, para establecer su impacto en la Conciencia Intercultural de los estudiantes de inglés como lengua extranjera. El eje de la propuesta fue el Aprendizaje Combinado (BL por sus siglas en inglés), en el cual, seis planes de clase fundamentados en ii Aprendizaje Basado en Tareas, fusionados con el uso de videollamadas, facilitaron la interacción oral en inglés con profesores extranjeros. Este fue un estudio cualitativo que tuvo en cuenta los pasos de una investigación acción. El análisis interpretativo de los resultados se basó en la Teoría Fundamentada, y, a través de la triangulación de los datos provenientes de tres fuentes surgieron los siguientes resultados: primero, las videollamadas con profesores extranjeros les proporcionaron a los estudiantes elementos importantes para lograr un mayor desarrollo de su Conciencia Intercultural. Segundo, al desarrollar la Conciencia Intercultural de los estudiantes, se potenciaron sus habilidades de Interacción Oral, y, de esta manera, se facilitó el establecimiento de una comunicación efectiva.The current research project was born from the need to develop students’ Intercultural Awareness (ICA) in the English class in secondary students of a school in Bogota. One of the proposed objectives was: planning, developing and evaluating some Oral Interactions through video calls, a Computer Mediated Communication tool, to establish their impact on EFL students’ Intercultural Awareness. The basis of the proposal was Blended Learning (BL), in which six lesson plans based on TBL combined with video calls facilitated some oral interactions in English with foreign teachers. It was a qualitative study following the steps of an action research. The interpretive analysis of the results followed the Grounded Theory Approach and through the data triangulation of three sources the following findings were produced: first, video calls with foreign teachers gave the learners important elements for reaching a higher development of their Intercultural Awareness. Second, by developing the students’ ICA their oral interaction skills enhanced, and, in that way, they were more likely to establish an effective communication

Women cotton farmers: Their perceptions and experiences with transgenic varieties: A case study for Colombia

This paper explores gender differences in cotton cultivation and looks into the perceptions and experiences of women and men with transgenic varieties. With few exceptions, researchers in the area of impact evaluation of crop biotechnology have only marginally included gender considerations in their work. This exploratory pilot study was developed in order to incorporate gender into our quantitative evaluation work. This study used a participatory and descriptive approach that allowed us to listen to women and men farmers' perceptions and insights. The project was conducted in the main cotton-producing regions of Colombia where a handful of transgenic varieties have been in the market for the past six years.crop biotechnology, Genetically modified crops, Genetic engineering, Cotton, Gender,