A Study Of Cause of Death Certificates In India

In the present study a total of 890 Cause of Death Certificates were examined Retrospectively from Eight different Centers during the period 2008-2013 ,of which 258 were retrieved from Hospital records and 632 from the Autopsy records ,were examined for appropriateness of completion and the ability to construct a logical cause of death cascade. None of the Autopsy reports had a provision for the Standard Cause of Death recordings. Though Medico Legal Autopsy Contributed to only 15% of the minimal standards and rest 75% deviated from the accepted Standards and concluded with Mechanism or Mode of Death. Similarly in Hospital death cases 30.4% satisfied minimal Standards and 69.8% of it were inappropriate in its completion and deviated from the Standards. The Demographic characters were inadequate in 72% of the Certificates. Only 14% of the Cause of Death statement after Medico Legal Autopsy were satisfying the ICD 10 Codes [2] and 98% of the certificates lacks information on Contributing factors responsible for the Death and none of the Certificates had information about the Time interval between the Sequence of Events leading to death. Similarly Only 19% of the Cause of Death statement in Hospital deaths were satisfying the ICD 10 Codes[2] and none of the certificates lacks information on Contributing factors and the Time interval between the Sequence of Events leading to death. The Autopsy information in the Certificate were also found to be incomplete as only 1% indicated the place of Autopsy and only 36% informed the Date and time of Autopsy. Even the maternal death information was inadequate, with only 42% of the certificates informing the same. The Certificate Authors information was also inadequate with only 35% of the Certificates had information about the Designation, and Qualification and bore the Stamp

Case series on mullerian anomalies incidence during caesarean section over one year period

Congenital uterine anomalies occur due to abnormal fusion of Mullerian duct during embryonic life. It is associated with high incidences of reproductive failures and adverse obstetrical outcomes. It may be associated with malpresentation, preterm labour or recurrent pregnancy losses. The association of congenital anomalies and early pregnancy loss has been well established but its adverse effect on late pregnancy in form of malpresentation, preterm deliveries has not yet been elaborated. Hence, this case series aimed to summarize the incidence and perinatal outcome of pregnancy in women with congenital uterine anomalies undergoing cesarean section. This was a case series which was conducted on women who underwent cesarean section at P. C. Sethi hospital, Indore between time period of October 2020 to September 2021. Out of total 1835 cesarean undergoing patients, 12 patients were found to have uterine anomalies. Out of 12 patients, 9 (75%) patients were associated with malpresentation, 4 (33.3%) patients had preterm delivery and 6 (50%) patients had low birth weight babies. Hence it can be said that women with congenital uterine anomalies were at higher incidence of malpresentation and preterm deliveries. Presence of congenital uterine anomalies were associated with adverse obstetrical outcome. This knowledge warrants the need for a larger case control study to extrapolate these findings to the general population and also to recommend the need for universal prenatal screening for uterine anomalies to improve the obstetrical and perinatal outcome in patients with uterine anomalies

Virtualization of Non-Volatile Ram

Virtualization technology is powering today's cloud industry. Virtualization inserts a software layer, the hypervisor, below the Operating System, to manage multiple OS environments simultaneously. Offering numerous benefits such as fault isolation, load balancing, faster server provisioning, etc., virtualization occupies a dominant position, especially in IT infrastructure in data centers. Memory management is one of the core components of a hypervisor. Current implementations assume the underlying memory to be homogenous and volatile. However, with the emergence of NVRAM in the form of Storage Class Memory (SCM), this assumption remains no longer valid. New motherboard architectures will support several different memory classes each with distinct properties and characteristics. The hypervisor has to recognize, manage, and expose them separately to the different virtual machines. This study focuses on building a separate memory management module for Non-Volatile RAM in Xen hypervisor. We show that it can be efficiently implemented with a few code changes and minimal runtime performance overhead

Flowcache: A Cache Based Approach for Improving SDN Scalability

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a novel paradigm for designing, developing and managing communication networks. SDN separates the traditional network control and data planes, centralising the control plane activities of the network in software based SDN controllers. This approach enables the network operators to interface with a logically centralized device to operate, configure and manage a large complex network. The SDN concept defines the data plane as a set of abstractions and provides a standardized protocol to interact with these abstractions. Owing to its significant advantages, this concept has gained popularity especially among the data center operators and hardware equipment manufacturers, and is slowly being adopted by the industry. However, the paradigm shift from the traditional networking model to SDN-type architectures poses several major challenges. In an SDN architecture, the routers and switches frequently generate requests to the controller. In particular, a request is generated for every new flow. The controller needs to respond promptly to the requests to ensure correct and efficient operation of the network. Even a moderately sized network with dynamic flows will place a high volume of demand on the controller. Increased controller pressure results in increased response times, leading to higher latencies in data-plane to control-plane communication and affecting efficiency of the entire network. This can lead to a scenario where the controller becomes a major bottleneck in the network. Several solutions have been proposed to address this problem using distributed and hierarchical controller designs. In contrast, in this thesis we propose to address this problem from a different perspective. In particular, we leverage the widely used tools in the design of memory architectures, such as caching to improve the efficiency of the SDN architecture. In this work, we first propose to augment an SDN architecture with a flowcache. The flowcache serves as a transparent layer in between the controller and the switch. It acts as a cache to the controller, temporarily storing flows sent across the management link, thus reducing access time for future requests of similar flows. Next, we analyze the properties and uses of flowcache. Finally, we compare different design choices for the flowcache and evaluate the benefits of introducing a flowcache in an SDN architecture

Optical Coherence Tomography in Diabetic Retinopathy

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become an indispensable modality of investigation in the assessment of diabetic retinopathy. It is a non-invasive and reliable imaging tool that provides a comprehensive analysis of the retina. The images are obtained very fast. It is useful for quantitative as well as qualitative assessment of structural changes that occur in diabetic retinopathy. It also enables the detection of subclinical diabetic macular edema. Various imaging biomarkers have been identified on OCT imaging. These markers help prognosticate the case and determine treatment response. The follow-up imaging helps assess the response to treatment and detect recurrence of disease or need for further treatment

A Case of Multiple Myeloma Presenting with Diabetes Insipidus

Multiple myeloma (MM) can present with involvement of the central nervous system in the form of nerve palsy, plasma cell masses or, rarely, with endocrinological effects due to involvement of the pituitary gland. Usually, in such cases, the disease has a rapid progression and poor prognosis. We report a 52-year-old man who was admitted to the Kolkata Medical College, Kolkata, India, in 2016 with a prolonged low-grade fever and hypernatremia. Shortly afterwards, the patient began to complain of increased urinary frequency and drowsiness. The hypernatremia was treated with intranasal desmopressin and free water replacement. Serum protein electrophoresis and an immunofixation study revealed an immunoglobulin G-κ monoclonal band. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland revealed the absence of a posterior bright spot and spotty infiltration of the pituitary fossa. A bone marrow biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of cranial diabetes insipidus due to posterior pituitary MM infiltration

Face to Face Educational Program for Active Ageing

Education Peer to Peer - through personal contact - can be interpreted as a process through which well-trained and motivated facilitators educate participants of (mainly) the same age, social position or have the same ability as the latter, with the aim to further develop parti and knowledge. The emphasis is on understanding of the concept of active ageing, desires and needs of the target group in terms of acquiring new skills and improving physical and mental health. Educational program for active ageing, presented in this publication, is taking place at two levels: a) the classical method (learning in class/group) with guidelines and implementation plan of activities summarized in this publication, and b) distant educational program (virtual classroom), which will be freely available online and thus accessible to the widest number of people

Prevalence, Isolation and Identification of Microorganisms from Homemade Cheese in Babylon Province

تم جمع أربعون عينة من جبن العرب (الجبن المصنع محليا") من السوق المحلي في محافظة بابل لدراسة التلوث الجرثومي (النمو البكتيري والفطري). كشفت الدراسة اولا" عن وجود عينات سالبة لكل وسط زرعي استخدم للكشف عن  البكتيريا، حيث وجد في وسط MSA كان هناك 27 عينة موجبة و 13 عينة  سالبة, على وسط EMB ظهرت 24 عينة موجبة و 16 عينة سالبة، وعلى الوسط MRS ظهرت 32 عينة موجبة و 8 عينات سالبة أخيرا" وسط  S-S أكار ظهرت 31 عينة موجبة و 9 عينات سالبة. تم عزل 17 سلالة من Staphylococcus aureus على وسط MSA, و 10 سلالات من Staphylococcus epidermidis. وعلى الوسط EMB تم عزل 12 سلالة من Escherichia coli و 18 سلالة من Klebsiella. وسط MRS  سجل 32 سلالة من Lactobacillus واخيرا وسط S-S agar سجل 10 سلالات من Salmonella و 29 سلالة من Shigella . اما الفطريات التي تم عزلها على وسط PDA فقد كانت : Penicillium digitatum (74.7 %), Penicillium italicum (13.2 %), Penicillium citrinum (6.02 %), Penisillium chrysogenum ( 2.40 % ), Aspergellus nedulans (3.7 % ), Alternaria (0 %)  وعدد كبير من مستعمرات ال Candida وRhodotorella  . وعلى وسط MEA تم عزل الفطريات الاتية وكالاتي :Penicillium digitatum( 80%), Penicillium italecum (3.1 %), Penicillium citrinm (0%), Penicillium chrysogenum ( 6.2%), Aspergillus nidulans (7.69%), Alternaria ( 3.1) وكذلك عدد كبير من مستعمرات الCandida  و  Rhodotorella كما في وسط PDA  .  Forty samples of Gibin al Arab cheese were collected from local market at Babylon province for studying the microbial contamination ( bacterial and fungal growth ). first the study revealed that there was negative samples for each culture media used for bacterial detection, in MSA there was 27+ve samples and 13-ve samples, EMB with 24+ve samples and 16-ve samples, MRS with 32+ve samples and 8-ve samples finally S-S agar with 31+ve samples and 9 –ve samples. MSA record 17 strain of Staphylococcus aureus, 10 strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis, EMB record 12 strain of Escherichia coli, 18 strain of Klebsiella, MRS record 32 strain of Lactobacillus, S-S agar record 10 strain of Salmonella, 29 strain of Shigella. while fungi isolated on PDA was : Penicillium digitatum (74.7%), Penicillium italicum (13.2%), Penicillium citrinum (6.02 %), Penisillium chrysogenum (2.40%), Aspergellus nedulans (3.7 %), Alternaria (0%), Candida spp. with more isolates, also Rhodotorella more. MEA media used for fungi isolation record : Penicillium digitatum(80%), Penicillium italecum (3.1%), Penicillium citrinm (0%), Penicillium chrysogenum (6.2%), Aspergillus nidulans (7.69%), Alternaria ( 3.1% ), Candida spp. with more isolates, Rhodotorella more like on PDA