Comparative Study of Influenza Virus Replication in MDCK Cells and in Primary Cells Derived from Adenoids and Airway Epithelium

Although clinical trials with human subjects are essential for determination of safety, infectivity, and immunogenicity, it is de- sirable to know in advance the infectiousness of potential candidate live attenuated influenza vaccine strains for human use. We compared the replication kinetics of wild-type and live attenuated influenza viruses, including H1N1, H3N2, H9N2, and B strains, in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, primary epithelial cells derived from human adenoids, and human bron- chial epithelium (NHBE cells). Our data showed that despite the fact that all tissue culture models lack a functional adaptive im- mune system, differentiated cultures of human epithelium exhibited the greatest restriction for all H1N1, H3N2, and B vaccine viruses studied among three cell types tested and the best correlation with their levels of attenuation seen in clinical trials with humans. In contrast, the data obtained with MDCK cells were the least predictive of restricted viral replication of live attenuated vaccine viruses in humans. We were able to detect a statistically significant difference between the replication abilities of the U.S. (A/Ann Arbor/6/60) and Russian (A/Leningrad/134/17/57) cold-adapted vaccine donor strains in NHBE cultures. Since live at- tenuated pandemic influenza vaccines may potentially express a hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from a non-human influenza virus, we assessed which of the three cell cultures could be used to optimally evaluate the infectivity and cellular tropism of vi- ruses derived from different hosts. Among the three cell types tested, NHBE cultures most adequately reflected the infectivity and cellular tropism of influenza virus strains with different receptor specificities. NHBE cultures could be considered for use as a screening step for evaluating the restricted replication of influenza vaccine candidates

Organizational Development and Educational Changes Management in Public Sector (Case Of Public Administration During War Time)

Purpose: The aim of this study is  analyze the importance of educational change for the effectiveness of organizational development and the role of organizational development in the processes of human development today, in the context of the information society and extreme social networking.   Theoretical framework:  Russia’s war against Ukraine has pushed up demand for (new) administrative processes. But this did not negate the need for institutions to develop their potential using various, for example digital tools, and to constantly improve the quality of educational services in the context of extreme conditions and extraordinary circumstances.   Design/methodology/approach:  Development of education creates new opportunities for the development of human potential for extreme social networking.   Findings:  The approaches of joint creative activity of the participants of the educational process (in the context of security challenges) as effective means that create an unfavorable context for educational changes are determined. It is emphasized that the development of human potential depends on the ability of education to be flexible to the needs of the information society. It is determined that the transformation of the social institute of education requires radical changes in the training of a new generation of managers with a high level of professionalism, culture, innovative creative thinking.   Research, Practical & Social implications:  It is found out that a set of theories of organizational development is submitted methodologically capacious for creation of conceptual models of management of educational changes.   Originality/value: Reasonably scientific bases of educational changes as objects of public management are characterized by tendentiousness of public management of educational changes on the basis of collective nature

The Effect of Preexisting Immunity on Virus Detection and Immune Responses in a Phase II, Randomized Trial of a Russian-Backbone, Live, Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in Bangladeshi Children.

BACKGROUND: In a 2012 Phase II clinical trial, 300 Bangladeshi children aged 24 to 59 months with no prior influenza vaccine exposure were randomized to receive a single intranasally-administered dose of either trivalent, Russian-backbone, live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) or placebo. Protocol-defined analyses, presented in the companion manuscript, demonstrate decreased viral detection and immunogenicity for A/H1N1pdm09, relative to the A/H3N2 and B strains. This post hoc analysis of the trial data aims to investigate the LAIV strain differences by testing the hypothesis that preexisting humoral and mucosal immunity may influence viral recovery and immune responses after LAIV receipt. METHODS: We used logistic regressions to evaluate the relations between markers of preexisting immunity (ie, hemagglutination inhibition [HAI], microneutralization, and immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A (both serum and mucosal antibodies) and LAIV viral recovery in the week post-vaccination. We then tested for potential effect modification by baseline HAI titers (ie, <10 versus ≥10) and week 1 viral recovery on the LAIV-induced serum and mucosal immune responses, measured between days 0 and 21 post-vaccination. RESULTS: Higher levels of preexisting immunity to influenza A/H3N2 and B were strongly associated with strain-specific prevention of viral shedding upon LAIV receipt. While evidence of LAIV immunogenicity was observed for all 3 strains, the magnitudes of immune responses were most pronounced in children with no evidence of preexisting HAI and in those with detectable virus. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide evidence for a bidirectional association between viral replication and immunity, and underscore the importance of accounting for preexisting immunity when evaluating virologic and immunologic responses to LAIVs. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT01625689

A Research and Development (R&D) roadmap for influenza vaccines: Looking toward the future

Improved influenza vaccines are urgently needed to reduce the burden of seasonal influenza and to ensure a rapid and effective public-health response to future influenza pandemics. The Influenza Vaccines Research and Development (R&D) Roadmap (IVR) was created, through an extensive international stakeholder engagement process, to promote influenza vaccine R&D. The roadmap covers a 10-year timeframe and is organized into six sections: virology; immunology; vaccinology for seasonal influenza vaccines; vaccinology for universal influenza vaccines; animal and human influenza virus infection models; and policy, finance, and regulation. Each section identifies barriers, gaps, strategic goals, milestones, and additional R&D priorities germane to that area. The roadmap includes 113 specific R&D milestones, 37 of which have been designated high priority by the IVR expert taskforce. This report summarizes the major issues and priority areas of research outlined in the IVR. By identifying the key issues and steps to address them, the roadmap not only encourages research aimed at new solutions, but also provides guidance on the use of innovative tools to drive breakthroughs in influenza vaccine R&D.publishedVersio

Variation of the Application of Communicative Translation for Informative Texts

Bakalaura darbā tiek aplūkota iespēja informatīvajos tekstos pielietot komunikatīvās tulkošanas variantu. Tiek konstatēts, ka translatoloģijā (tulkojumzinātnē) ir trīs stadijas : pirmslingvistiskā, lingvistiskā un metalingvistiskā stadija. Šis darbs apskata kvalitatīvās metodes, kas apvieno dažādas kvalitatīvās analīzes metodoloģijas ar mērķi formulēt kādu parādību. No šī skatpunkta tiek mēģināts analizēt informatīvo tekstu komunikatīvos tulkojumus, izmantojot Nidas (Nida), Ņumarka (Newmark) un Reisa (Reiss) teorētisko pieeju. Atslēgas vārdi : avotvaloda, mērķvaloda, nozīme, komunikatīvā tulkošana, informatīvie tekstiThe Bachelor Thesis considers the possibility of variation of the application of communicative translation for informative texts. It is established that in the translatology there are three stages: pre-linguistic stage, linguistic stage and meta-linguistic stage. This Work addresses the qualitative methods combining diverse techniques of qualitative analysis with the objective to explicate a phenomenon. From this perspective it is attempted to analyse communicative translation of informative texts, using the theoretical approaches of Nida, Newmark and Reiss. Key words: source language, target language, meaning, com-municative translation, informative text