PEANUT QUOTA MARKETS AND PEANUT PRODUCTION AFTER FAIR

The U.S. peanut program has limited peanut production since 1949. Unlike the programs for grains, cotton, and rice, the 1996 FAIR Act left the peanut program largely intact. As before FAIR (and since 1977) the right to grow peanuts for the domestic edible market is embodied in marketing quota, which can be leased and sold. The FAIR Act for the first time allowed quota movement across county lines. We now have four years of experience with peanut quota markets post-FAIR. In some parts of the country, quota has moved as much as the regulatory caps allow. But in most of the traditional peanut-growing areas of the Southeast there has been little cross-county movement. In this paper we analyze a large county-level panel of pre- and post-FAIR data to assess the effects of these changes in policy. We have compiled from USDA-FSA sources data on quota movements for virtually every peanut-producing county in the seven major peanut-producing states. We use these data to test microeconomic predictions of the effects of the loosening of transfer restrictions. Analysis of the data shows large quota movements in areas where observations on additionals production and lease rates would have predicted such. We find that movements in production, as distinct from movements in quota, cannot be explained entirely by FAIR, but can reasonably be attributed to changes in the profitability of growing competing crops such as cotton. The reduced profitability of the latter might itself be attributed in part to the elimination of cotton deficiency payments.Agricultural and Food Policy,

AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF HONEYBEE POLLINATION MARKETS

Pollination by honeybees plays an important role in modern agriculture. Some crops are greatly dependent on honeybees (almonds, apples, avocados, blueberries, and cherries are examples) while the yields and quality of other crops are significantly enhanced by honeybee pollination. The importance of understanding pollination markets has increased recently due to changes brought on by the twin scourges of Varroa and tracheal mites. Both are infestations of feral and domestic bees that imply greater future reliance on domesticated bees at higher cost. In the United States a complex market has evolved that connects itinerant beekeepers and their bee colonies with farmers who demand their services. While the fields of entomology and crop science have developed a large literature on general principles of beekeeping and its application to particular crops, there has been little economic analysis of pollination markets. In this paper, we begin to remedy this lack of attention by analyzing an extensive panel data set of individual pollination transactions for Oregon beekeepers. The Oregon panel constitutes a considerably larger and richer data set on pollination markets than the data set examined by Cheung (1973), which is our only empirical precedent. Using cross-sectional time series regression models, we find results that are consistent with Cheungs earlier findings on the consistency of pollination market outcomes with economic theory. Fees charged for placing colonies on crops that yield marketable honey are found to be less than for crops that yield no honey income to the beekeeper: the pollination fee for crops that produce honey is about $17 per colony less than for crops that produce no honey. Pollination fees also vary over time in response to changes in both crop prices and honey prices. Because bees are paid according to their value of marginal product in the production of crops, pollination fees should vary positively with crop prices. We find that a ten percent increase in crop prices causes pollination fees to increase by about$.40 per colony. With respect to honey prices, we find that a ten percent increase is estimated to decrease pollination fees by about $2.50 per colony. This estimated effect is a previously unexplored link between the now-defunct honey program and its longstanding public policy rationale, the encouragement of honeybee pollination. Insofar as the honey program successfully maintained the price of honey above levels that would otherwise have been observed, our analysis suggests that elimination of the program has resulted in a reduction in pollination services and an increase in pollination fees.Marketing,

West Florida\u27s Creek Indian Crisis of 1837

Although Andrew Jackson’s forays into Spanish West Florida in 1814 and 1818 dispersed several hostile bands of Creek Indians, scattered parties remained in isolated forests and swamps. When Florida was transferred to the United States in 1821, settlers moving into the new territory soon were confronted with the presence of these natives. The majority were located in the central portion of the territory, but sizable bands lived in northwest Florida. The Treaty of Moultrie Creek, signed in 1823, provided for the settlement of approximately 800 friendly Creeks on reservation lands along the Apalachicola River. Smaller bands also lived along the shores of St. Andrew’s, Choctawhatchee, Blackwater, and Escambia bays. Indians and half-bloods often visited Pensacola. They came into the area to hunt and fish, to find pasture for their cattle, and to obtain supplies in the town

The Truth of English Language Acquisition

Every year, over 1,221,000 immigrants come to this country without any English background knowledge in English and are immersed in the public school system. The approximate net international immigration rate of Arkansas is approximately 4500 people annually. Most students that come at a young age must immediately adjust to American life as they go to a new school with a foreign language with strange people and customs. What happens to the students that have language differences, the ones that don\u27t grasp the language easily and continue to struggle through their education and in their careers? How do we know which children are struggling in school because of learning differences and which ones are struggling because of a language and cultural barriers? How does their culture play a part in the education of these students? The purpose of this study is to discover what the best-known way for children with learning differences to learn a second language are, and if Arkadelphia Public Schools are using the most effective methods. Secondary questions explored through this study are as follows: How do students naturally learn their first language? How do students naturally learn their second language? How is English taught as L2 in the Arkadelphia public school system? What are learning differences and how do they hinder language acquisition? And lastly, what are the best methods to teach students with learning differences in L2? The act of learning and becoming fluent in a language other than one\u27s native tongue is known as second language acquisition (SLA), a field of study developed by S. D. Krashen in the 1980s. Learning differences, such as dyslexia impairs one\u27s ability to gain new knowledge or skills. Students with a first language other than English often are misunderstood. Often language difficulties and learning differences can be confused. In a classroom, teachers may mistake the reason for the child\u27s English language developmental delay. this study will look at how an L2 student learning English may be inadvertently identified with a learning difference with their impairment could be due to language deficiency; furthermore, how an identified learning impairment in a first language might hinder the process of acquiring a second language, or L2. then it will attempt to find bridge-building methods teachers may use to help such a student acquire a second language

The New Deal, Race, and Home Ownership in the 1920s and 1930s

Many federal government housing policies began during the New Deal of the 1930s. Many claim that minorities benefited less from these policies than whites. We estimate the relationships between policies in the 1920s and 1930s and black and white home ownership in farm and nonfarm settings using a pseudo-panel of repeated cross-sections of households in 1920, 1930, and 1940 matched with policy measures in 460 state economic areas. The policies examined include FHA mortgage insurance, HOLC loan refinancing, state mortgage moratoria, farm loan programs, public housing, public works and relief, and payments to farmers to take land out of production.

THE END OF SUPPLY CONTROLS: THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF RECENT CHANGE IN FEDERAL PEANUT POLICY

The paper analyzes recent changes in U.S. peanut policy as enacted in the 2002 Farm Security Act. A model representing the impact of the 2002 farm bill on the domestic and foreign prices of edible peanuts is constructed and the gains and losses to peanut producing states are measured.Agricultural and Food Policy,

Elastin metabolism and chemistry: potential roles in lung development and structure.

Elastic fibers are important for elasticity and extensibility of lung tissue. In the developing lung, elastic fibers appear in greatest numbers during the process or period of alveolarization . A variety of mesenchymal cells in lung appear responsible for elastin synthesis. Elastin is a novel protein both from the standpoint of its processing into elastic fibers and chemical properties. For example, elastin undergoes posttranslational modification before its assembly into fibers. These steps include limited proteolysis, hydroxylation of prolyl residues and the oxidative deamination of lysyl residues prior to their incorporation into the crosslinks that covalently bond together polypeptide chains of elastin. The crosslinking amino acids include lysinonorleucine , merodesmosine and desmosine isomers. A key enzyme that controls this process is lysyl oxidase. Lysyl oxidase is a copper metalloprotein whose activity is responsive to and modulated by environmental insults, nutrition deficiencies and the administration of various pharmacological agents. Regarding chemical properties, elastin is one of the most apolar proteins secreted by mammalian cells. Moreover, elastin is one of the most long-lived proteins secreted into the extracellular matrix. In relationship to its processing into elastic fibers and chemical properties, details related to major aspects of elastin metabolism as well as speculation on its potential as a factor in lung development and disease are discussed

The Effects on Pregnancy in Homeless Women

Abstract BACKGROUND: The number of homeless pregnant women is continuing to increase around the world. Homeless women are experiencing difficulties with their pregnancy that others may not face, including birth abnormalities and not seeking appropriate care due to cost and stigmatization. Nurses need to educate homeless pregnant women on what is needed for a healthy pregnancy and childbirth. OBJECTIVE: This exploratory research describes the needs for advocacy in women who are experiencing homelessness while pregnant and how homelessness affects pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum care. LITERATURE REVIEW: The search methods used was CINAHL and ETSU Library. Keywords: homelessness, childbirth, homeless women, nursing. There were ten studies established all together. FINDINGS: Homeless pregnant women are not educated on contraceptives and what they need to do to have a healthy pregnancy. For example, they don’t know that being homeless and absence of proper care results in abnormalities such as low birth weights, longer NICU stays, and premature childbirths. CONCLUSION: We conclude that homeless pregnant women should be advocated for in hopes they will feel comfortable and seek proper care for a safe pregnancy. Keywords: homelessness, childbirth, homeless women, nursin