D0 Silicon Upgrade: Cryogenic Line Routing: Refrigerator to VLPC Cryostats & Solenoid

This engineering note documents the proposed cryogenic line routing from the liquid helium (LHe) refrigeration plant to the detector solenoid and VLPC cryostats. Many figures are included to aid in understanding the route. As an appendix, I include some general comments relevant to the topic. Also listed are a number of routing options that were considered before the proposed route was finalized

D0 Silicon Upgrade: Liquid & Gas Nitrogen Line Sizing for D-Zero Upgrade

This engineering note documents the calculations done to properly size the liquid/gas nitrogen piping system for the D-Zero refrigerator, solenoid, and VLPC upgrade. See the line sketch of the system on the next page. The sketch shows the chosen line sizes, estimated lengths of piping runs, estimated steady state flow rates and pressure drops for each pipe section. The raw calculations are attached as an appendix. The estimated steady state flow rates were developed in D-Zero EN-421, 'Helium and LN2 Storage Requirements for the D-Zero Upgrade'. The pressure drop calculations take into account the two phase property of the fluid on the inlet piping. The outlet piping is sized for saturated vapor. These calculations supplement sizing that was done in D-Zero EN-416, rev. 6/26/95, 'Pipe Sizing for Solenoid/VLPC Cryogenic Systems', EN-416 only looked at the Solenoid and VLPC sections of the system. In a previous EN-430, 'LN2 control valve sizing', a calculation was done to address the cool down flow rate necessary. The minimum cooldown flow rate needed for a simultaneous, serial cooldown of the refrigerator, solenoid and VLPC system was 6.4 g/s. This warm flow would get choked by an opening less than 0.175-inch in diameter. All the piping/tubing sizes exceed this size, so cooldown will not be a problem. The available pressure drop for the VLPC and solenoid control valves was calculated to be 5.5 psid and 27 psid respectively. The actual delta P is expected to be larger because the conservativeness of using maximum flow rates and fluid properties that yield pressure drops on the high side

D0 Silicon Upgrade: Lower Cleanroom Roof Quick Load Analysis

This engineering note documents calculations done to determine the margin of safety for the lower clean room roof. The analysis was done to give me a feeling of what the loads, stresses and capacity of the roof is prior to installation and installation work to be done for the helium refrigerator upgrade. The result of this quick look showed that the calculated loads produce stress values and loads at about half the allowables. Based on this result, I do not think that special precautions above personal judgement are required for the installation work

D0 Silicon Upgrade: Summary of Warm-Up After Draining for the D-Zero LAr Calorimeters

After a very successful physics run, the D-Zero detector Liquid Argon Calorimeters were drained in preparation of the detector rollout. During the roll out process, the calorimeters were without cooling. Information regarding the temperatures, estimated heat transfer, and pressure maintenance are documented in this engineering note

D0 Silicon Upgrade: Control Dewar Valve Calculations

This engineering note documents the calculations that were done to support the valve size selection for the magnet flow control valve, EVMF in the solenoid control dewar. The size selected was a control valve with a Cv = 0.32

D0 Silicon Upgrade: Calc. to Determine Need for a N2 Phase Separator

A nitrogen phase separator is recommended on the liquid supply line at the helium refrigerator plant. This engineering note documents the calculations done to reach that conclusion. The steady state liquid nitrogen consumption rate for the refrigerator, VLPC and solenoid systems is about 30 gal/hr. The estimated heat leak for the piping run to the refrigerator location is 50 watts. The calculated quality at the refrigerator was 0.032. Given this quality, a two phase flow model based on Lockhart-Martinelli and also incorporating Baker diagram nomenclature was run on TK solver. The result of this program was that without the use of a phase separator we could expect a slug flow pattern with a volume fraction of gas of 65%. Based on this, I recommend that we use a phase separator to siphon off the gas before the nitrogen is sent to a standard saver type subcooler. Including the phase separator will help ensure proper operation of the subcooler. The subcooler will help us attempt to deliver single phase liquid to the nitrogen control valves

The Palomar Transient Factory Orion Project: Eclipsing Binaries and Young Stellar Objects

The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) Orion project is an experiment within the broader PTF survey, a systematic automated exploration of the sky for optical transients. Taking advantage of the wide field of view available using the PTF camera at the Palomar 48" telescope, 40 nights were dedicated in December 2009-January 2010 to perform continuous high-cadence differential photometry on a single field containing the young (7-10Myr) 25 Ori association. The primary motivation for the project is to search for planets around young stars in this region. The unique data set also provides for much ancillary science. In this first paper we describe the survey and data reduction pipeline, and present initial results from an inspection of the most clearly varying stars relating to two of the ancillary science objectives: detection of eclipsing binaries and young stellar objects. We find 82 new eclipsing binary systems, 9 of which we are candidate 25 Ori- or Orion OB1a-association members. Of these, 2 are potential young W UMa type systems. We report on the possible low-mass (M-dwarf primary) eclipsing systems in the sample, which include 6 of the candidate young systems. 45 of the binary systems are close (mainly contact) systems; one shows an orbital period among the shortest known for W UMa binaries, at 0.2156509 \pm 0.0000071d, with flat-bottomed primary eclipses, and a derived distance consistent with membership in the general Orion association. One of the candidate young systems presents an unusual light curve, perhaps representing a semi-detached binary system with an inflated low-mass primary or a star with a warped disk, and may represent an additional young Orion member. Finally, we identify 14 probable new classical T-Tauri stars in our data, along with one previously known (CVSO 35) and one previously reported as a candidate weak-line T-Tauri star (SDSS J052700.12+010136.8).Comment: 66 pages, 27 figures, accepted to Astronomical Journal. Minor typographical corrections and update to author affiliation

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure

D0 Silicon Upgrade: Gas Helium Storage Tank Pressure Vessel Engineering Note

This is to certify that Beaird Industries, Inc. has done a white metal blast per SSPC-SP5 as required per specifications on the vessel internal. Following the blast, a black light inspection was performed by Beaird Quality Control personnel to assure that all debris, grease, etc. was removed and interior was clean prior to closing vessel for helium test

D0 Silicon Upgrade: Cryogenic and Safety Considerations for Moving the South End Cap Calorimeter to the Sidewalk

The south end cap calorimeter (ECS) will need to be moved off of the detector platform to allow for the installation of new central tracking components. This engineering note documents the cryogenic and safety issues associated with the planned move. Because of the difficulty involved in building a temporary vent line out of the building, we plan to vent the ECS condenser flow, 6 scfm N2 into the assembly hall atmosphere. Information contained herein proves that this is safe even for failure/relief conditions. The details regarding the cryogenic and safety aspects of the ECS move have been thought out and planned. The cryogenic operation of the ECS calorimeter will be limited to maintaining it's pressure by keeping it cold and isolated while it is in it's temporary position off the platform. The 4 gph liquid nitrogen flow required for this operation is easily absorbed into the DZero assembly building atmosphere without any safety concerns. Emergency or failure scenarios have been addressed on a conservative basis and also pose little threat. Other safety features built into the system such as the liquid nitrogen excess flow switch, vent line liquid sensor, and monitored ODH heads provide additional assurance that an unexpected hazard would be identified and contained