105 research outputs found
S = 3 Ground State for a Tetranuclear Mn^(IV)āOā Complex Mimicking the Sā State of the Oxygen Evolving Complex
The Sā state is currently the last observable intermediate prior to OāO bond formation at the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II, and its electronic structure has been assigned to a homovalent Mn^(IV)ā core with an S = 3 ground state. While structural interpretations based on the EPR spectroscopic features of the Sā state provide valuable mechanistic insight, corresponding synthetic and spectroscopic studies on tetranuclear complexes mirroring the Mn oxidation states of the Sā state remain rare. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization by XAS and multifrequency EPR spectroscopy of a Mn^(IV)āOā cuboidal complex as a spectroscopic model of the Sā state. Results show that this Mn^(IV)āOā complex has an S = 3 ground state with isotropic āµāµMn hyperfine coupling constants of ā75, ā88, ā91, and 66 MHz. These parameters are consistent with an Ī±Ī±Ī±Ī² spin topology approaching the trimerāmonomer magnetic coupling model of pseudo-octahedral Mn^(IV) centers. Importantly, the spin ground state changes from S = 1/2 to S = 3 as the OEC is oxidized from the Sā state to the Sā state. This same spin state change is observed following oxidation of the previously reported Mn^(III)Mn^(IV)āOā cuboidal complex to the Mn^(IV)āOā complex described here. This sets a synthetic precedent for the observed low-spin to high-spin conversion in the OEC
Mixed-Valent Diiron Āµ-Carbyne, Āµ-Hydride Complexes: Implications for Nitrogenase
Binding of Nā by the FeMo-cofactor of nitrogenase is believed to occur after transfer of 4 eā» and 4 Hāŗ equivalents to the active site. Although pulse EPR studies indicate the presence of two Fe-(Ī¼-H)-Fe moieties, the structural and electronic features of this mixed valent intermediate remain poorly understood. Toward an improved understanding of this bioorganometallic cluster, we report herein that diiron Ī¼-carbyne complex (PāArC)Feā(Ī¼-H) can be oxidized and reduced, allowing for the first time spectral characterization of two EPR-active Fe(Ī¼-C)(Ī¼-H)Fe model complexes linked by a 2 eā» transfer which bear some resemblance to a pair of E_n and E_(n+2) states of nitrogenase. Both species populate S = 1/2 states at low temperatures, and the influence of valence (de)localization on the spectroscopic signature of the Ī¼-hydride ligand was evaluated by pulse EPR studies. Compared to analogous data for the {Feā(Ī¼-H)}ā state of FeMoco (Eā(4H)), the data and analysis presented herein suggest that the hydride ligands in Eā(4H) bridge isovalent (most probably Fe^(III)) metal centers. Although electron transfer involves metal-localized orbitals, investigations of [(PāArC)Feā(Ī¼-H)]āŗĀ¹ and [(PāArC)Feā(Ī¼-H)]ā»Ā¹ by pulse EPR revealed that redox chemistry induces significant changes in FeāC covalency (ā50% upon 2 eā» reduction), a conclusion further supported by X-ray absorption spectroscopy, āµā·Fe Mƶssbauer studies, and DFT calculations. Combined, our studies demonstrate that changes in covalency buffer against the accumulation of excess charge density on the metals by partially redistributing it to the bridging carbon, thereby facilitating multielectron transformations
Structural insights into the light-driven auto-assembly process of the water- oxidizing Mn4CaO5-cluster in photosystem II
In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, Photosystem II (PSII) catalyzes the light-
driven splitting of water at a protein-bound Mn4CaO5-cluster, the water-
oxidizing complex (WOC). In the photosynthetic organisms, the light-driven
formation of the WOC from dissolved metal ions is a key process because it is
essential in both initial activation and continuous repair of PSII. Structural
information is required for understanding of this chaperone-free metal-cluster
assembly. For the first time, we obtained a structure of PSII from
Thermosynechococcus elongatus without the Mn4CaO5-cluster. Surprisingly,
cluster-removal leaves the positions of all coordinating amino acid residues
and most nearby water molecules largely unaffected, resulting in a pre-
organized ligand shell for kinetically competent and error-free photo-assembly
of the Mn4CaO5-cluster. First experiments initiating (i) partial disassembly
and (ii) partial re-assembly after complete depletion of the Mn4CaO5-cluster
agree with a specific bi-manganese cluster, likely a di-Āµ-oxo bridged pair of
Mn(III) ions, as an assembly intermediate
S = 3 Ground State for a Tetranuclear Mn^(IV)āOā Complex Mimicking the Sā State of the Oxygen Evolving Complex
The Sā state is currently the last observable intermediate prior to OāO bond formation at the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II, and its electronic structure has been assigned to a homovalent Mn^(IV)ā core with an S = 3 ground state. While structural interpretations based on the EPR spectroscopic features of the Sā state provide valuable mechanistic insight, corresponding synthetic and spectroscopic studies on tetranuclear complexes mirroring the Mn oxidation states of the Sā state remain rare. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization by XAS and multifrequency EPR spectroscopy of a Mn^(IV)āOā cuboidal complex as a spectroscopic model of the Sā state. Results show that this Mn^(IV)āOā complex has an S = 3 ground state with isotropic āµāµMn hyperfine coupling constants of ā75, ā88, ā91, and 66 MHz. These parameters are consistent with an Ī±Ī±Ī±Ī² spin topology approaching the trimerāmonomer magnetic coupling model of pseudo-octahedral Mn^(IV) centers. Importantly, the spin ground state changes from S = 1/2 to S = 3 as the OEC is oxidized from the Sā state to the Sā state. This same spin state change is observed following oxidation of the previously reported Mn^(III)Mn^(IV)āOā cuboidal complex to the Mn^(IV)āOā complex described here. This sets a synthetic precedent for the observed low-spin to high-spin conversion in the OEC
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Reversible Interlayer Sliding and Conductivity Changes in Adaptive Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks.
Ordered interlayer stacking is intrinsic in two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) and has strong implications on COF's optoelectronic properties. Reversible interlayer sliding, corresponding to shearing of 2D layers along their basal plane, is an appealing dynamic control of both structures and properties, yet it remains unexplored in the 2D COF field. Herein, we demonstrate that the reversible interlayer sliding can be realized in an imine-linked tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-based COF TTF-DMTA. The solvent treatment induces crystalline phase changes between the proposed staircase-like sql net structure and a slightly slipped eclipsed sql net structure. The solvation-induced crystallinity changes correlate well with reversible spectroscopic and electrical conductivity changes as demonstrated in oriented COF thin films. In contrast, no reversible switching is observed in a related TTF-TA COF, which differs from TTF-DMTA in terms of the absence of methoxy groups on the phenylene linkers. This work represents the first 2D COF example of which eclipsed and staircase-like aggregated states are interchangeably accessed via interlayer sliding, an uncharted structural feature that may enable applications such as chemiresistive sensors
Accelerated Oxygen Atom Transfer and CāH Bond Oxygenation by Remote Redox Changes in Fe_3Mn-Iodosobenzene Adducts
We report the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of [Lfe_3(PhPz)_3OMn(^sPhIO)][OTf]_x (3: x=2; 4: x=3), where 4 is one of very few examples of iodosobenzeneāmetal adducts characterized by X-ray crystallography. Access to these rare heterometallic clusters enabled differentiation of the metal centers involved in oxygen atom transfer (Mn) or redox modulation (Fe). Specifically, ^(57)Fe Mƶssbauer and X-ray absorption spectroscopy provided unique insights into how changes in oxidation state (Fe^(III)_2Fe^(II)Mn^(II) vs. Fe^(III)_3Mn^(II)) influence oxygen atom transfer in tetranuclear Fe_3Mn clusters. In particular, a one-electron redox change at a distal metal site leads to a change in oxygen atom transfer reactivity by ca. two orders of magnitude
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Tetranuclear [Mn^(III)Mn_3^(IV)O_4] Complexes as Spectroscopic Models of the S_2 State of the Oxygen Evolving Complex in Photosystem II
Despite extensive biochemical, spectroscopic, and computational studies, the mechanism of biological water oxidation by the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II remains a subject of significant debate. Mechanistic proposals are guided by the characterization of reaction intermediates such as the S_2 state, which features two characteristic EPR signals at g = 2 and g = 4.1. Two nearly isoenergetic structural isomers have been proposed as the source of these distinct signals, but relevant structureāelectronic structure studies remain rare. Herein, we report the synthesis, crystal structure, electrochemistry, XAS, magnetic susceptibility, variable temperature CW-EPR, and pulse EPR data for a series of [Mn^(III)Mn_3^(IV)O_4] cuboidal complexes as spectroscopic models of the S_2 state of the OEC. Resembling the oxidation state and EPR spectra of the S_2 state of the OEC, these model complexes show two EPR signals, a broad low field signal and a multiline signal, that are remarkably similar to the biological system. The effect of systematic changes in the nature of the bridging ligands on spectroscopy were studied. Results show that the electronic structure of tetranuclear Mn complexes is highly sensitive to even small geometric changes and the nature of the bridging ligands. Our model studies suggest that the spectroscopic properties of the OEC may also react very sensitively to small changes in structure; the effect of protonation state and other reorganization processes need to be carefully assessed
Tetranuclear [Mn^(III)Mn_3^(IV)O_4] Complexes as Spectroscopic Models of the S_2 State of the Oxygen Evolving Complex in Photosystem II
Despite extensive biochemical, spectroscopic, and computational studies, the mechanism of biological water oxidation by the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II remains a subject of significant debate. Mechanistic proposals are guided by the characterization of reaction intermediates such as the S_2 state, which features two characteristic EPR signals at g = 2 and g = 4.1. Two nearly isoenergetic structural isomers have been proposed as the source of these distinct signals, but relevant structureāelectronic structure studies remain rare. Herein, we report the synthesis, crystal structure, electrochemistry, XAS, magnetic susceptibility, variable temperature CW-EPR, and pulse EPR data for a series of [Mn^(III)Mn_3^(IV)O_4] cuboidal complexes as spectroscopic models of the S_2 state of the OEC. Resembling the oxidation state and EPR spectra of the S_2 state of the OEC, these model complexes show two EPR signals, a broad low field signal and a multiline signal, that are remarkably similar to the biological system. The effect of systematic changes in the nature of the bridging ligands on spectroscopy were studied. Results show that the electronic structure of tetranuclear Mn complexes is highly sensitive to even small geometric changes and the nature of the bridging ligands. Our model studies suggest that the spectroscopic properties of the OEC may also react very sensitively to small changes in structure; the effect of protonation state and other reorganization processes need to be carefully assessed
Assembly, characterization, and electrochemical properties of immobilized metal bipyridyl complexes on silicon(111) surface
Silicon(111) surfaces have been functionalized with mixed monolayers consisting of submonolayer coverages of immobilized 4-vinyl-2,2ā²-bipyridyl (1, vbpy) moieties, with the remaining atop sites of the silicon surface passivated by methyl groups. As the immobilized bipyridyl ligands bind transition metal ions, metal complexes can be assembled on the silicon surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrates that bipyridyl complexes of [Cp*Rh], [Cp*Ir], and [Ru(acac)2] were formed on the surface (Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, acac is acetylacetonate). For the surface prepared with Ir, X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Ir LIII edge showed an edge energy as well as post-edge features that were essentially identical with those observed on a powder sample of [Cp*Ir(bpy)Cl]Cl (bpy is 2,2ā²-bipyridyl). Charge-carrier lifetime measurements confirmed that the silicon surfaces retain their highly favorable photoelectronic properties upon assembly of the metal complexes. Electrochemical data for surfaces prepared on highly doped, n-type Si(111) electrodes showed that the assembled molecular complexes were redox active. However the stability of the molecular complexes on the surfaces was limited to several cycles of voltammetry
Structural Changes Correlated with Magnetic Spin State Isomorphism in the S<sub>2</sub> State of the Mn<sub>4</sub>CaO<sub>5</sub> Cluster in the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II.
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