Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) in dentistry: a review

Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-pharmacological method which is widely used by medical and paramedical professionals for the management of acute and chronic pain in a variety of conditions. Similarly, it can be utilized for the management of pain during various dental procedures as well as pain due to various conditions affecting maxillofacial region. This review aims to provide an insight into clinical research evidence available for the analgesic and non analgesic uses of TENS in pediatric as well as adult patients related to the field of dentistry. Also, an attempt is made to briefly discuss history of therapeutic electricity, mechanism of action of TENS, components of TENs equipment, types, techniques of administration, advantages and contradictions of TENS. With this we hope to raise awareness among dental fraternity regarding its dental applications thereby increasing its use in dentistry

Caesarean section audit in a tertiary hospital of North India using Robson’s classification

Background: In view of upsurging Caesarean section (CS) rate worldwide WHO conducted two multicountry surveys to diagnose the driving determinants. In two WHO surveys increased overall CS rate was observed from 26.4% to 31.2% worldwide except Japan. Both WHO 2014 and FIGO 2016 recommend Robson ten- group classification for monitoring caesarean rate over time because of its clarity, tenacity, resilience and pliability. Our Aim is to classify women delivered in our Hospital as per Robson ten –group classification and access the factor driving caesarean rate in each group.Methods: This is a retrospective study 1671 caesarean section conducted in tertiary hospital over 6 months (July- December) 2018. All the delivering women were classified according to Robson ten-group classification and data was analyzed using Microsoft excel and SPSS 23 software.Results: During the study period there were 5917 deliveries. Of these 1671 deliveries were CS accounting for CS rate of 28.24% . The major contributor to CS rate were women in group 5 followed by primigravida’s in group 1 and 2. Increasing  CS rate was observed in group 1 ,2, 3 and 5. Most common indication for caesarean section was fetal distress , failed induction , previous caesarean , breech and Antepartum hemorrhage.Conclusions: Increasing trend in CS rate is observed in group 1,2 ,3 and 5. In order to reduce CS rate among group 2 better patient selection is required for induction of labour based on Bishop score. In order to reduce CS rate in group 5 promotion of  VBAC deliveries should be encouraged. By classifying women according to Robson group 10 classification  helps in identification of women likely to deliver by caesarean  and to identify effective strategies to optimize the CS rate

Detection of mutations in gyrB using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) among Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A

Background:- Fluoroquinolone resistance is mediated by mutations in the quinolone-resistance determining region (QRDR) of the topoisomerase genes. Denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) was evaluated for detection of clinically important mutations in gyrB among Salmonella. Method:- S. Typhi and S. ParatyphiA characterised for mutation in QRDR of gyrA, parC and parE were studied for mutation in gyrB by DHPLC and validated by sequencing. Result:- The DHPLC analysis was able to resolve the test mutant from isolates with wild type gyrB and distinguished mutants from other mutant by peak profile and shift in retention time. Three sequence variants were detected at codon 464, and a novel mutation Ser→Thr was also detected. gyrB mutation was associated with non classical quinolone resistance (NALS-CIPDS) in 34 isolates of S. Typhi only and was distinct from classical quinolone resistance associated with gyrA mutations (NALR-CIPDS). Conclusion: DHPLC is effective for the detection of mutation and can reduce the need forsequencing to detect clinically significant gyrB mutations.

Nurse-led PMTCT intervention: Enhancing HIV prevention in ` developing countries

In this thesis, we have explored the escalating burden of HIV in developing countries and focused on the nurse’s role in implementing PMTCT (Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission) strategies in rural areas. Discussion has revolved around enhancing nursing integration into formal healthcare systems to prevent HIV transmission from pregnant women to their babies during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Purpose of this thesis is to describe the role of nurses in PMTCT programs and their impact on reducing HIV transmission. The thesis was conducted as a descriptive literature review. Eleven (11) scientific publications were selected for the literature review. The thesis highlighted the nursing practices that can be used to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child in developing countries by analysis of existing scientific studies. To organise the results, findings from databases like CINAHL and PUBMED are summarised in research table. This research demonstrates that nurse-led PMTCT initiatives significantly reduce HIV transmission in developing countries by improving patient education, promoting ART adherence, and integrating family-centred care. It highlights key factors such as the importance of updated training for nurses, addressing stigma, and overcoming resource constraints to enhance the effectiveness of PMTCT programs. The study also explores how nurses contribute to improving maternal decisions regarding HIV testing and treatment adherence, thus highlighting the practical insights to strengthen healthcare support systems for mothers and infants. The literature review has highlighted the significant role nurses play throughout pregnancy in developing countries. Also, by analyzing current findings, this study has tried to provide valuable insights to policymakers about healthcare settings in rural areas