Advance Approach for Detection of DNS Tunneling Attack from Network Packets Using Deep Learning Algorithms

Domain Name System (DNS) is a protocol for converting numeric IP addresses of websites into a human-readable form. With the development of technology, to transfer information, a method like DNS tunneling is used which includes data encryption into DNS queries. The ability of the DNS tunneling method of transferring data attracts attackers to establish bidirectional communication with machines infected with malwares. This can lead to sending instructions in an obfuscated way or can lead to data exfiltration. Since firewalls and intrusion detection systems detect only specific types of tunneling, were as the Machine Learning Algorithms can analyze and predict based on previous data provided to it, it is being adopted by researchers to detect and predict the occurrence of DNS Tunneling. The identification of anomalies in Network packets can be done by using Natural Language Processing (NLP) technique. The experimental test accuracy showed that the feature extraction method in NLP for detecting DNS tunneling in network packets was found to be 98.42% on the generated Dataset. This paper makes a comparative study of 1 Dimensional Convolution Neural Network (1-D CNN), Simple Recurrent Neural Network (Simple RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm, Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) algorithm for detecting DNS Tunneling over the generated dataset. To detect this threat of DNS tunneling attack, good quality of the dataset is required. This paper also proposes the generation of a good quality dataset that contains network packets, by the recreation of DNS Tunneling attack using tool dnscat2

N- and C-Terminal Domains of the Calcium Binding Protein EhCaBP1 of the Parasite Entamoeba histolytica Display Distinct Functions

Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of amoebiasis, and calcium signaling is thought to be involved in amoebic pathogenesis. EhCaBP1, a Ca2+ binding protein of E. histolytica, is essential for parasite growth. High resolution crystal structure of EhCaBP1 suggested an unusual arrangement of the EF-hand domains in the N-terminal part of the structure, while C-terminal part of the protein was not traced. The structure revealed a trimer with amino terminal domains of the three molecules interacting in a head-to-tail manner forming an assembled domain at the interface with EF1 and EF2 motifs of different molecules coming close to each other. In order to understand the specific roles of the two domains of EhCaBP1, the molecule was divided into two halves, and each half was separately expressed. The domains were characterized with respect to their structure, as well as specific functional features, such as ability to activate kinase and bind actin. The domains were also expressed in E. histolytica cells along with green fluorescent protein. The results suggest that the N-terminal domain retains some of the properties, such as localization in phagocytic cups and activation of kinase. Crystal structure of EhCaBP1 with Phenylalanine revealed that the assembled domains, which are similar to Calmodulin N-terminal domain, bind to Phenylalanine revealing the binding mode to the target proteins. The C-terminal domain did not show any of the activities tested. However, over-expression in amebic cells led to a dominant negative phenotype. The results suggest that the two domains of EhCaBP1 are functionally and structurally different from each other. Both the domains are required for structural stability and full range of functional diversity

Erector spinae plane block for cancer pain – A scoping review of current evidence

Cancer patients experience pain secondary to the disease process or due to treatment. Refractory cancer pain can present a clinical challenge for pain physicians, which significantly affects patients' quality of life and increases disability. Erector spinae plane (ESP) blocks have rapidly been used in both acute and chronic pain practice. However, the use of ESP block for cancer pain management remains unclear. Thus, we conducted this scoping review to perform a comprehensive overview of current evidence on ESP block for cancer pain management. We searched the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for relevant articles published between January 2016 and March 2023 using the keywords “erector spinae plane block,” “ESP block,” and “cancer pain”. After excluding duplicate and irrelevant articles, we included a total of 26 studies, which were case reports, case series, cohort studies, and randomized control trials. Both neurolytic and non-neurolytic ESP blocks were used for cancer pain. The ESP blocks were performed in all patients with severe pain (Visual Analog Score or Numerical Rating Scale >7) and the majority of cases had some degree of pain relief. None of the studies has reported any serious complications related to procedure or drug used. There was heterogeneity in the type of drug, volume, and concentration used for ESP block. A definitive conclusion regarding the efficacy and safety of ESP block in cancer pain management was not possible. The current literature suggests that the ESP block can be helpful in cancer pain management. However, caution must be exercised not to overestimate the safety of either neurolytic or non-neurolytic ESP block as 88% (n = 23) of included studies were either case reports or case series. Randomized controlled clinical trials are warranted to establish the efficacy and safety of ESP block in cancer pain management.

Solvent dependent competition between fluorescence resonance energy transfer and through bond energy transfer in rhodamine appended hexaphenylbenzene derivatives for sensing of Hg²⁺ ions

Hexaphenylbenzene (HPB) derivatives 5 and 7 having rhodamine B moieties have been designed and synthesized, and have been shown to display solvent dependent. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and through bond energy transfer (TBET) in the presence of Hg²⁺ ions among the various cations (Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ag⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, and Li⁺) have been tested. Derivative 5 displays quite high through bond energy transfer efficiency in the presence of Hg²⁺ ions in methanol whereas derivative 7 exhibits better FRET efficiency in the presence of Hg²⁺ ions in THF and CH₃CN than derivative 5

Efficacy of chewable brush compared to manual brush in school going children of age group 10–12 years

Aim: Chewable toothbrushes were compared to traditional manual toothbrushes in terms of their ability to remove plaque and their impact on salivary pH in a sample of school-aged children. Materials and Methods: The sample size for this research was 200 youngsters aged 10–12. Saliva was collected by spitting into a clean container, and the pH levels were measured using color-coded pH strips to determine where the person was starting from. The plaque score was measured using the OHI-S index after the application of the disclosing agent. The pH and plaque scores were also recalculated after brushing to see how they had changed after surgery. Results: Results indicated that both manual and chewable brushes significantly improved post-brushing pH ratings (P = 0.001), and that plaque scores decreased (P = 0.001). When compared to conventional manual toothbrushes, the chewable brush was much more successful in reducing plaque and elevating salivary pH (P = 0.001). Conclusion: As a result, parents may offer their kids a chewable toothbrush to help them maintain good oral hygiene after lunch and on lengthy car trips, when they would not have time to wash their teeth properly

Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma with mixed histology: Cytomorphological features of two unusual cases

Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a slow growing locally aggressive malignant tumor. It is usually diagnosed on histopathological examination of the excised biopsy. Recently, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is emerging as a simple alternative technique for rapid diagnostic work of nodular and plaque-like skin lesions. We report the cytomorphological features of two cases of cutaneous BCC having unusual clinical presentation and mixed histology (MH); emphasizing the diagnostic difficulties encountered on cytology, the plausible explanation and the precautions to keep in mind to avoid misdiagnosis