Preference-for-Solitude and Adjustment Difficulties in Early and Late Adolescence

Social withdrawal has been associated with adjustment difficulties across development. Although much is known about shyness, little is known about preference-for-solitude; even less is known about its relations with adjustment across different periods of adolescence. We examined whether preference-for-solitude might be differentially associated with adjustment difficulties in early and late adolescence. Self- and parent-reports of withdrawal motivations and adjustment were collected from 234 eighth graders (113 boys; M age = 13.43) and 204 twelfth graders (91 boys; M age = 17.25). Results from structural equation modeling demonstrated that above and beyond the effects of shyness, preference-for-solitude was more strongly associated with adjustment difficulties in 8th grade than in 12th grade. Preference-for-solitude was associated with greater anxiety/depression, emotion dysregulation, and lower self-esteem in 8th grade; these relations were not found in 12th grade. Although preference-for-solitude was associated with lower social competence in both 8th and 12th grades, this relation was significantly stronger in 8th grade than in 12th grade. Findings suggest preference-for-solitude has closer ties to maladjustment in early adolescence than in late adolescence. Interventions targeting preferred-solitary youth in early adolescence may be particularly fruitfu

Perfis de comportamento inibido e sintomas de ansiedade em idade pré-escolar

Behavioral inhibition (BI) during the preschool years can be defined as a biologically-based wariness when exposed to novel people, situations and activities, and has been associated with an increased risk of developing anxiety symptoms. Although BI is not a unitary concept, to date, few studies aimed to characterize different subgroups of children, using multidimensional parental measures, and compare them in terms of anxiety symptoms. This study aimed to identify different profiles of children with BI and explore potential differences concerning anxiety symptoms. One hundred and eight mothers of children with a mean age of 54 months completed the Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire and the Preschool Anxiety Scale. Two profiles of children were identified: children with high and medium levels of BI. Children with high levels of BI displayed more generalized anxiety, social anxiety and physical injury fears symptoms than children with average BI levels. These differences were of greater magnitude for social anxiety symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of early intervention with children who display high levels of BI as early as the preschool years.A inibição comportamental (IC) em idade pré-escolar pode ser definida com o retraimento biologicamente determinado perante pessoas, situações e atividades novas e associa-se a um risco acrescido de se vir a desenvolver sintomas de ansiedade. Apesar da IC não ser um conceito unitário, poucos estudos até à data procuraram caracterizar diferentes subgrupos de crianças, com recurso a medidas multidimensionais de relato parental, e compará-los relativamente à manifestação de sintomas de ansiedade. Este estudo teve como objetivos identificar diferentes perfis de crianças com IC e explorar se estes diferentes perfis se distinguem ao nível da sintomatologia ansiosa. Centro e oito mães de crianças, com uma média de idade de 54 meses preencheram o Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire e o Preschool Anxiety Scale. Foram identificados dois perfis: crianças com níveis elevados, e médios de IC. As crianças com níveis elevados de IC apresentaram mais sintomas de ansiedade generalizada, ansiedade social e medo de danos do que as crianças com níveis médios de IC. Estas diferenças foram de maior magnitude para os sintomas de ansiedade social. Os resultados obtidos veem reforçar a importância de se intervir precocemente com as crianças que, já nas idades pré-escolares, evidenciem níveis elevados de IC

Hydrothermal discharge during submarine eruptions : the importance of detection, response, and new technology

Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 25, no. 1 (2012): 128–141, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2012.11.Submarine volcanic eruptions and intrusions construct new oceanic crust and build long chains of volcanic islands and vast submarine plateaus. Magmatic events are a primary agent for the transfer of heat, chemicals, and even microbes from the crust to the ocean, but the processes that control these transfers are poorly understood. The 1980s discovery that mid-ocean ridge eruptions are often associated with brief releases of immense volumes of hot fluids ("event plumes") spurred interest in methods for detecting the onset of eruptions or intrusions and for rapidly organizing seagoing response efforts. Since then, some 35 magmatic events have been recognized and responded to on mid-ocean ridges and at seamounts in both volcanic arc and intraplate settings. Field responses at mid-ocean ridges have found that event plumes occur over a wide range of eruption styles and sizes, and thus may be a common consequence of ridge eruptions. The source(s) of event plume fluids are still debated. Eruptions detected at ridges generally have high effusion rates and short durations (hours to days), whereas field responses at arc volcanic cones have found eruptions with very low effusion rates and durations on the scale of years. New approaches to the study of submarine magmatic events include the development of autonomous vehicles for detection and response, and the establishment of permanent seafloor observatories at likely future eruption sites.Support for these efforts came from the NOAA Vents Program and the National Science Foundation, primarily through its long-term funding of the RIDGE and Ridge 2000 Programs, including grants OCE-9812294 and OCE-0222069. SOSUS detection efforts were supported from 2006 to 2009 by the National Science Foundation, grant OCE-0623649

Hydrogeological Characterization of the South Oyster Bacterial Transport Site Using Geophysical Data

A multidisciplinary research team has conducted a field-scale bacterial transport study within an uncontaminated sandy Pleistocene aquifer near Oyster, Virginia. The overall goal of the project was to evaluate the importance of heterogeneities in controlling the field-scale transport of bacteria that are injected into the ground for remediation purposes. Geochemical, hydrological, geological, and geophysical data were collected to characterize the site prior to conducting chemical and bacterial injection experiments. In this paper we focus on results of a hydrogeological characterization effort using geophysical data collected across a range of spatial scales. The geophysical data employed include surface ground-penetrating radar, radar cross-hole tomography, seismic cross-hole tomography, cone penetrometer, and borehole electromagnetic flowmeter. These data were used to interpret the subregional and local stratigraphy, to provide high-resolution hydraulic conductivity estimates, and to provide information about the log conductivity spatial correlation function. The information from geophysical data was used to guide and assist the field operations and to constrain the numerical bacterial transport model. Although more field work of this nature is necessary to validate the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of including geophysical data in the characterization effort, qualitative and quantitative comparisons between tomographically obtained flow and transport parameter estimates with hydraulic well bore and bromide breakthrough measurements suggest that geophysical data can provide valuable, high-resolution information. This information, traditionally only partially obtainable by performing extensive and intrusive well bore sampling, may help to reduce the ambiguity associated with hydrogeological heterogeneity that is often encountered when interpreting field-scale bacterial transport data

Qualidade da amizade na adolescência e ajustamento social no grupo de pares

Friendships in adolescence are fundamental for social, emotional and cognitive development. However, differences in the quality of the relationship with a best friend may also be associated with adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment. The goal of this study was to identify different profiles of friendship quality, contrasting them regarding positive and negative features of this relationship, as well as youth’s social adjustment in the peer group. 821 participants from 7th grade (M=13 years old) reported on their perception of best friendship quality and sociometric nominations assessed social adjustment in the peer group. Three profiles emerged from hierarchical clusters analysis based on positive features of friendship quality, namely high-, medium- and low-quality friendships. Such profiles were significantly different in global quality and in all positive qualitative features of friendship: High-quality friendships were significantly higher in companionship, validation, help, support, intimacy, and conflict resolution strategies, whilst low-quality friendships had significantly lower values in all such dimensions. Sex differences revealed that girls experienced more intimate disclosure and validation and caring within their friendship dyads. Regarding negative features, adolescents in high-quality friendships reported less frequent conflict. As for social adjustment, youth in high quality friendships were considered by peers as the least anxious-withdrawn, excluded and victimized, but the most prosocial and popular/sociable. Participants in low-quality friendships were characterized by opposite scores. Findings highlight the significance of friendship in this developmental period, particularly, regarding friendship quality in young adolescents’ social milieu.As amizades na adolescência são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento social, emocional e cognitivo. Porém, diferenças na qualidade da relação com um melhor amigo podem também estar associadas ao ajustamento psicossocial dos adolescentes. Este estudo procurou identificar diferentes perfis de qualidade de amizade, contrastando-os relativamente a dimensões positivas e negativas dessa relação, bem como ao ajustamento social dos adolescentes no grupo de pares. 821 participantes do 7º ano de escolaridade (M=13 anos), reportaram a sua percepção da qualidade da melhor amizade e nomeações sociométricas permitiram aceder às dimensões do ajustamento social no grupo de pares. Uma análise hierárquica de clusters baseados nas dimensões positivas da qualidade de amizade permitiu identificar três tipos de perfis, nomeadamente de qualidade alta, média e baixa (QA, QM, QB), que se distinguiram significativamente na qualidade global e em todas as dimensões positivas da amizade: as amizades QA caracterizaram-se por mais companheirismo, validação, ajuda, suporte, intimidade e estratégias de resolução de conflitos, enquanto as amizades QB foram marcadas por valores inferiores nestas dimensões. Diferenças de sexo demonstraram que as raparigas experienciaram mais partilha de intimidade e validação e cuidado nas suas díades de amizade. Também nos aspectos negativos (conflitos e traições), as amizades QA se distinguiram por apresentarem níveis menos frequentes. Quanto ao ajustamento social, os adolescentes com amizades de alta qualidade foram considerados pelos pares como os menos socialmente retirados, excluídos e vitimizados, mas os mais pró-sociais e populares/sociáveis. Adolescentes com amizades de baixa qualidade foram caracterizados com valores opostos. Estes resultados mostram a importância da amizade neste período do desenvolvimento e permitem compreender, em particular, a influência da qualidade dessa relação no contexto social dos jovens

Peer Influence during Adolescence: The Moderating Role of Parental Support

Although many studies show that peers influence the development of adolescent internalizing and externalizing difficulties, few have considered both internalizing and externalizing difficulties in the same study, and fewer have considered the contributions of parents. Using a longitudinal sample of 385 adolescents, the contributions of best friends\u27 internalizing and externalizing difficulties (as assessed in Grade 6; G6: M(age) = 13.64 years; 53% female; 40% ethnic or racial minority) were examined as they predicted subsequent adolescent internalizing and externalizing difficulties (at G8); in addition, the moderating role of both maternal and paternal support (at G6) was explored. Structural equation modelling revealed that best friend internalizing difficulties predicted decreases, but that best friend externalizing difficulties predicted increases in adolescents\u27 externalizing difficulties over time. Significant interactions involving both maternal and paternal support revealed that the negative impact of a G6 best friend having internalizing problems on later G8 adolescent externalizing problems was stronger at low levels of maternal and paternal support. The findings highlight the complex, and interactive, influences of friends and parents on the development of internalizing and externalizing symptomatology during adolescence, and underscore the importance of targeting both sources of social influence in research and clinical work

Volcanic eruptions in the deep sea

Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 25, no. 1 (2012): 142–157, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2012.12.Volcanic eruptions are important events in Earth's cycle of magma generation and crustal construction. Over durations of hours to years, eruptions produce new deposits of lava and/or fragmentary ejecta, transfer heat and magmatic volatiles from Earth's interior to the overlying air or seawater, and significantly modify the landscape and perturb local ecosystems. Today and through most of geological history, the greatest number and volume of volcanic eruptions on Earth have occurred in the deep ocean along mid-ocean ridges, near subduction zones, on oceanic plateaus, and on thousands of mid-plate seamounts. However, deep-sea eruptions (> 500 m depth) are much more difficult to detect and observe than subaerial eruptions, so comparatively little is known about them. Great strides have been made in eruption detection, response speed, and observational detail since the first recognition of a deep submarine eruption at a mid-ocean ridge 25 years ago. Studies of ongoing or recent deep submarine eruptions reveal information about their sizes, durations, frequencies, styles, and environmental impacts. Ultimately, magma formation and accumulation in the upper mantle and crust, plus local tectonic stress fields, dictate when, where, and how often submarine eruptions occur, whereas eruption depth, magma composition, conditions of volatile segregation, and tectonic setting determine submarine eruption style.NSF-OCE 0937409 (KHR), OCE-0525863 and OCE-0732366 (DJF and SAS), 0725605 (WWC), OCE- 0751780 (ETB and RWE), OCE‐0138088 (MRP), OCE-0934278 (DAC), OCE-0623649 (RPD), and a David and Lucile Packard Foundation grant to MBARI (DAC and DWC)

Recent Eruptions Between 2012 and 2018 Discovered at West Mata Submarine Volcano (NE Lau Basin, SW Pacific) and Characterized by New Ship, AUV, and ROV Data

West Mata is a submarine volcano located in the SW Pacific Ocean between Fiji and Samoa in the NE Lau Basin. West Mata was discovered to be actively erupting at its summit in September 2008 and May 2009. Water-column chemistry and hydrophone data suggest it was probably continuously active until early 2011. Subsequent repeated bathymetric surveys of West Mata have shown that it changed to a style of frequent but intermittent eruptions away from the summit since then. We present new data from ship-based bathymetric surveys, high-resolution bathymetry from an autonomous underwater vehicle, and observations from remotely operated vehicle dives that document four additional eruptions between 2012 and 2018. Three of those eruptions occurred between September 2012 and March 2016; one near the summit on the upper ENE rift, a second on the NE flank away from any rift zone, and a third at the NE base of the volcano. The latter intruded a sill into a basin with thick sediments, uplifted them, and then extruded lava onto the seafloor around them. The most recent of the four eruptions occurred between March 2016 and November 2017 along the middle ENE rift zone and produced pillow lava flows with a shingled morphology and tephra as well as clastic debris that mantled the SE slope. ROV dive observations show that the shallower recent eruptions at West Mata include a substantial pyroclastic component, based on thick (>1 m) tephra deposits near eruptive vents. The deepest eruption sites lack these near-vent tephra deposits, suggesting that pyroclastic activity is minimal below ∼2500 mbsl. The multibeam sonar re-surveys constrain the timing, thickness, area, morphology, and volume of the new eruptions. The cumulative erupted volume since 1996 suggests that eruptions at West Mata are volume-predictable with an average eruption rate of 7.8 × 106 m3/yr. This relatively low magma supply rate and the high frequency of eruptions (every 1–2 years) suggests that the magma reservoir at West Mata is relatively small. With its frequent activity, West Mata continues to be an ideal natural laboratory for the study of submarine volcanic eruptions

Relação entre Práticas Parentais e Problemas de Externalização e Internalização: Papel Mediador do Vínculo do Apego

Os problemas emocionais e comportamentais infantis têm sido alvo de crescente investigação devido a sua alta estabilidade e por precederem os transtornos psicopatológicos na vida adulta. Esse estudo objetivou investigar o papel mediador do vínculo de apego na relação entre práticas parentais e problemas externalizantes (agressividade/delinquência) e internalizantes (retraimento social/ansiedade/depres-são). Um total de 289 crianças (M = 10,5 anos, DP = 0,77) responderam à Security Scale e 181 mães responderam ao Child Rearing Practices Report–Q e, também, ao ChildBehavior Checklist. Os resultados revelaram o papel mediador do vínculo de apego materno nosproblemas externalizantes, mas não nos internalizantes, e salientam a importância de se considerar aqualidade do apego nas relações entre práticas parentais e problemas emocionais e comportamentaisna infância.Children emotional and behavioral problems have been a topic of increasing investigation due to itshigh stability and its role as a predictor to psychopathological disorders in adulthood. This studyinvestigated the mediating role of attachment to the association between parenting practicesexternalizing problems (aggression and delinquency) and internalizing (social withdrawal and anxiety/ depression). A total of 289 children (Mage = 10,5; SD = 0,77) answered the Security Scale, aninstrument about parenting practices (PRRC) and the Child Behavior Checklist. The results indicatedthat the quality of maternal attachment played a mediating role on externalizing problems, but not oninternalizing which emphasize the important role that attachment quality can play in the associationbetween parenting practices and emotional and behavioral problems in childhood

Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin : 1996–2012

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15 (2014): 4093–4115, doi:10.1002/2014GC005387.We present multiple lines of evidence for years to decade-long changes in the location and character of volcanic activity at West Mata seamount in the NE Lau basin over a 16 year period, and a hiatus in summit eruptions from early 2011 to at least September 2012. Boninite lava and pyroclasts were observed erupting from its summit in 2009, and hydroacoustic data from a succession of hydrophones moored nearby show near-continuous eruptive activity from January 2009 to early 2011. Successive differencing of seven multibeam bathymetric surveys of the volcano made in the 1996–2012 period reveals a pattern of extended constructional volcanism on the summit and northwest flank punctuated by eruptions along the volcano's WSW rift zone (WSWRZ). Away from the summit, the volumetrically largest eruption during the observational period occurred between May 2010 and November 2011 at ∼2920 m depth near the base of the WSWRZ. The (nearly) equally long ENE rift zone did not experience any volcanic activity during the 1996–2012 period. The cessation of summit volcanism recorded on the moored hydrophone was accompanied or followed by the formation of a small summit crater and a landslide on the eastern flank. Water column sensors, analysis of gas samples in the overlying hydrothermal plume and dives with a remotely operated vehicle in September 2012 confirmed that the summit eruption had ceased. Based on the historical eruption rates calculated using the bathymetric differencing technique, the volcano could be as young as several thousand years.Support for R.W.E. during this study was by internal NOAA funding to the NOAA Vents Program (now Earth-Ocean Interactions Program). The NSF Ridge 2000 and MARGINS programs played a major role in the planning and justification for the 2009 rapid response proposal that funded the May 2009 expedition. MBARI provided support and outstanding postprocessing of the multibeam bathymetry from the D. Allan B. AUV multibeam sonar used in this study. NSF also provided major funding for the 2009 expedition (OCE930025 and OCE-0934660 to JAR) and for the 210Po-210Pb radiometric dating (OCE-0929881 and for the 210Po-210Pb radiometric dating (OCE-0929881 to KHR)). The NOAA Office of Exploration and Research provided major funding for the 2009 and 2012 field programs.2015-04-3