The Individual 'We' Narrator

The prevailing assumption in literary studies tends to be that a ‘we’ narrative voice is either that of an individual purporting to speak for a group, or that of a collective of people whose perspectives have coalesced into a unified one. Recent work on social agency across the cognitive humanities suggests another way of understanding what might be conveyed by such a ‘we’. Social cognition research shows that individuals can have their capacities changed and enhanced when they interact with others, and suggests that ‘we-representations’ in the individual mind may result from the transformative effects of interaction. In this paper, we draw on a specific instance of storytelling in the plural, William Faulkner’s ‘A Rose for Emily’, to articulate a theory of this ‘individual we’, and to show its potential in refining our understanding of ‘we’ narratives. We also propose that in future research the interdisciplinary study of the ‘we’ could engage with insights from literature as well as from philosophy and science

Avaliação ecotoxicológica da água e do sedimento do rio Corumbataí, SP

The Corumbataí River drains an economically important area which is mainly represented by the municipalities of Piracicaba and Rio Claro. In view of the impacts caused by the discharge of industrial waste and domestic sewage into the Piracicaba River, the Corumbataí has become increasingly significant as a source of water for the municipality of Piracicaba. However, chemical, physical, and microbiological analyses carried out prior to the present study had already indicated a decline in the quality of the Corumbataí waters. This study aimed to assess, through water and sediment samples, both acute and chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna and Daphnia similis, and to analyze acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metal (SEM) in the sediment. Resulting data were intended to be a contribution to future projects for the management and recuperation of this system. To that aim, water and sediment were collected at seven Corumbataí sampling stations in November 2003 and March 2004. Acute toxicity to D. similis was detected in water and sediment samples from the Piracicaba station, located at the mouth of the Corumbataí River. Chronic toxicity was identified in the water or sediment samples of all stations, with the exception of Analândia Montante (upstream), at the head of the river. This was found to affect survival, growth, and fecundity of the test-organisms. The AVS and SEM analyses showed the bioavailability of the metals, thus explaining toxicity found in bioassaying samples of water and sediment. The use of two test-organism species made it possible to obtain a better assessment of the condition of both water and sediment samples of the Corumbataí River.O rio Corumbataí drena uma área de importância econômica representada principalmente pelos municípios de Piracicaba e Rio Claro. Face aos impactos causados pelos lançamentos de efluentes industriais e domésticos no rio Piracicaba, o rio Corumbataí assumiu importância para o abastecimento do município de Piracicaba. Entretanto, análises químicas, físicas e microbiológicas realizadas no rio Corumbataí anteriormente a este estudo, indicaram a queda da qualidade de suas águas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram a avaliação da toxicidade aguda e da toxicidade crônica das amostras de água e sedimento, para Daphnia magna e Daphnia similis, e a análise do sulfeto volatilizável por acidificação (SVA) e dos metais simultaneamente extraídos do sedimento (MSE), no sentido de fornecer dados que possam contribuir com projetos futuros de manejo e recuperação desse sistema. Para tanto, água e sedimento provenientes de sete estações de coleta do rio Corumbataí foram coletados em novembro de 2003 e março de 2004. Foi detectada toxicidade aguda para D. similis das amostras de água e sedimento da estação Piracicaba, na foz do rio Corumbataí. A toxicidade crônica foi identificada na água ou no sedimento de todas as estações de coleta, exceto Analândia Montante (nascente do rio), influenciando a sobrevivência, crescimento e fecundidade dos organismos-teste. As análises do SVA e MSE revelaram a biodisponibilidade dos metais, explicando a toxicidade das amostras de água e de sedimento encontrada nos bioensaios. A adoção de duas espécies de organismos-teste possibilitou uma melhor avaliação dos compartimentos amostrados.(FAPESP) São Paulo Research Foundatio

Optimization of production of subtilisin in solid substrate fermentation using response surface methodology

Subtilisin (EC 3.4.21.62) is a type of serine protease that is of high commercial importance. It is mainly produced by Bacillus species as an extra cellular enzyme. Subtilisin being stable over a wide range ofpH and temperature is exploited as a detergent enzyme and also favoured by its non-specificity. The yield of this enzyme needs to be optimized for cost effective production of subtilisin for commercialization. Here, various solid substrates were screened for the production of subtilisin using Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441 and the maximum yield was found with green gram husk. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize pH, temperature, and moisture content. The optimal conditions were obtained after solving the polynomial equation using inverse matrix. The optimum pH, temperature and moisture content obtained under the conditions of study were 7.00, 30.04°C, and 73.38% respectively. The predicted response under these conditions was to be 571.73 U/mg proteinwhereas the actual response was found to be 571.32 U/mg protein

A Critical Role for Purinergic Signalling in the Mechanisms Underlying Generation of BOLD fMRI Responses

The mechanisms of neurovascular coupling underlying generation of BOLD fMRI signals remain incompletely understood. It has been proposed that release of vasoactive substances by astrocytes couples neuronal activity to changes in cerebrovascular blood flow. However, the role of astrocytes in fMRI responses remains controversial. Astrocytes communicate via release of ATP, and here we tested the hypothesis that purinergic signaling plays a role in the mechanisms underlying fMRI. An established fMRI paradigm was used to trigger BOLD responses in the forepaw region of the somatosensory cortex (SSFP) of an anesthetized rat. Forepaw stimulation induced release of ATP in the SSFP region. To interfere with purinergic signaling by promoting rapid breakdown of the vesicular and/or released ATP, a lentiviral vector was used to express a potent ectonucleotidase, transmembrane prostatic acid phosphatase (TMPAP), in the SSFP region. TMPAP expression had no effect on resting cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular reactivity, and neuronal responses to sensory stimulation. However, TMPAP catalytic activity markedly reduced the magnitude of BOLD fMRI responses triggered in the SSFP region by forepaw stimulation. Facilitated ATP breakdown could result in accumulation of adenosine. However, blockade of A1 receptors had no effect on BOLD responses and did not reverse the effect of TMPAP. These results suggest that purinergic signaling plays a significant role in generation of BOLD fMRI signals. We hypothesize that astrocytes activated during periods of enhanced neuronal activity release ATP, which propagates astrocytic activation, stimulates release of vasoactive substances and dilation of cerebral vasculature

Formational history of the Wicklow Trough: a marine transgressed tunnel valley revealing ice flow velocity and retreat rates for the largest ice stream draining the late-Devensian British-Irish Ice Sheet.

The Wicklow Trough is one of several Irish Sea bathymetric deeps, yet unusually isolated from the main depression, the Western Trough. Its formation has been described as proglacial or subglacial, linked to the Irish Sea Ice Stream (ISIS) during the Last Glacial Maximum. The evolution of the Wicklow Trough and neighbouring deeps, therefore, help us to understand ISIS dynamics, when it was the main ice stream draining the former British–Irish Ice Sheet. The morphology and sub-seabed stratigraphy of the 18 km long and 2 km wide Wicklow Trough is described here from new multibeam echo sounder data, 60 km of sparker seismic profiles and five sediment cores. At a maximum water depth of 82 m, the deep consists of four over deepened sections. The heterogeneous glacial sediments in the Trough overlay bedrock, with indications of flank mass-wasting and subglacial bedforms on its floor. The evidence strongly suggests that the Wicklow Trough is a tunnel valley formed by time-transgressive erosional processes, with pressurised meltwater as the dominant agent during gradual or slow ice sheet retreat. Its location may be fault-controlled, and the northern end of the Wicklow Trough could mark a transition from rapid to slow grounded ice margin retreat, which could be tested with modelling

Selective Growth of Vertical-aligned ZnO Nanorod Arrays on Si Substrate by Catalyst-free Thermal Evaporation

By thermal evaporation of pure ZnO powders, high-density vertical-aligned ZnO nanorod arrays with diameter ranged in 80–250 nm were successfully synthesized on Si substrates covered with ZnO seed layers. It was revealed that the morphology, orientation, crystal, and optical quality of the ZnO nanorod arrays highly depend on the crystal quality of ZnO seed layers, which was confirmed by the characterizations of field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and photoluminescence measurements. For ZnO seed layer with wurtzite structure, the ZnO nanorods grew exactly normal to the substrate with perfect wurtzite structure, strong near-band-edge emission, and neglectable deep-level emission. The nanorods synthesized on the polycrystalline ZnO seed layer presented random orientation, wide diameter, and weak deep-level emission. This article provides a C-free and Au-free method for large-scale synthesis of vertical-aligned ZnO nanorod arrays by controlling the crystal quality of the seed layer