Investigating the effects of co-treatment of type one interferons and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on Glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol of blood serum in Syrian mouse

Background and purpose: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has a major role in blood cells differentiation especially in neutrophils, therefore G-CSF widely has been used in treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Different lines of evidence indicated that G-CSF is increased in inflammatory situation and has inflammatory characteristics. Unlike G-CSF, type I interferones (IFNs) have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether type I IFNs can normalize the effects of G-CSF on blood factors. Materials and methods: forty-two mice (male, eight weeks) were divided into six groups of seven, which includes Group 1 (control) injection of distilled water, Group 2 injection 200 µg/kg b.w. G-CSF, Group 3 injection 200 µg/kg b.w. Alfa interferon (IFN-α), Group 4 injection 200 µg/kg b.w. interferon beta (IFN-β), Group 5 injection 200 µg/kg b.w. G-CSF+200 µg/kg b.w. IFN-α, Group 6 injection 200 µg/kg b.w. G-CSF+200 µg/kg b.w. IFN-β. After 28 days, blood was taken from each mouse heart and blood biochemical parameters (Glucose, Triglyceride, Cholestrol) was investigated. Results: surprisingly, in most cases, the G-CSF and type one IFNs alone or simultaneously reduced the levels of Glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. Also the reduction of glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol were higher in G-CSF and INFs in compare with G-CSF alone. Our data raise the possibility that, G-CSF and INF-α/β have some similarity in signaling pathway which has to be investigated

Fabrication the emulsion-based edible film containing Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss essential oil using chitosan–gelatin composite for grape preservation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of novel edible films produced by incorporating Dracocephalum kotschyi (D. kotschyi) essential oil nanoemulsion into a polymeric matrix (chitosan-gelatin) with grape preservative potential during room temperature storage. To achieve this goal, the edible films' mechanical, microstructural, and physical characteristics were examined. Next, an antimicrobial analysis was conducted on five food-borne pathogens, and the results indicated that edible films with 5 % essential oil (ChG4) might be efficiently produced to have antibacterial action against particular pathogens. Additionally, the integration of the nanoemulsion resulted in the creation of microporous structures in edible films, as demonstrated by SEM studies. A positive impact of ChG4 edible film on grape preservation during 15 days’ storage was observed. The findings afford an innovative approach for the expansion of effective herbal antimicrobial formulation for food preservation

The role of climate conditions and groundwater on baseflow separation in Urmia Lake Basin, Iran

Study region: Urmia Lake basin, Iran. Study focus: An accurate estimation of baseflow provides useful information for various aspects of water resources management. Baseflow estimation is subject to many uncertainties because it cannot be measured directly. This study aims to quantify the influence of uncertainties on the baseflow separation in the Urmia Lake basin, Iran. Herein, long-term observational data was used to evaluate the stability and reliability of baseflow estimation. Seven baseflow separation methods were compared with the mass balance filter (MBF) as a reference method. Here, two indicators including the average annual baseflow coefficient (BFC) and the baseflow index (BFI) were used to assess the impact of climate condition on baseflow separation. In addition, we investigated two sources of uncertainty in the digital filter methods: the recession constant (α) value and the approximation of groundwater recharge. New hydrological insights for the region: Eckhardt's method exhibited a better estimate of the baseflow during both wet and dry years, and exhibited acceptable accuracy during peak flows, even during multiple events. The results of uncertainties among the filter methods revealed that the Lynie & Holick (LH) algorithm and Eckhardt’s method were more sensitive to the amount of α. Moreover, Eckhardt’s method demonstrated a more reliable estimation of the ratio of groundwater recharge to streamflow

Design, synthesis, molecular docking, and in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of novel 3-amino-2,4-diarylbenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines against yeast and rat α-glucosidase

Abstract In an attempt to find novel, potent α-glucosidase inhibitors, a library of poly-substituted 3-amino-2,4-diarylbenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines 3a–ag have been synthesized through heating a mixture of 2-aminobenzimidazoles 1 and α-azidochalcone 2 under the mild conditions. This efficient, facile protocol has been resulted into the desirable compounds with a wide substrate scope in good to excellent yields. Afterwards, their inhibitory activities against yeast α-glucosidase enzyme were investigated. Showing IC50 values ranging from 16.4 ± 0.36 µM to 297.0 ± 1.2 µM confirmed their excellent potency to inhibit α-glucosidase which encouraged us to perform further studies on α-glucosidase enzymes obtained from rat as a mammal source. Among various synthesized 3-amino-2,4-diarylbenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines, compound 3k exhibited the highest potency against both Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-glucosidase (IC50 = 16.4 ± 0.36 μM) and rat small intestine α-glucosidase (IC50 = 45.0 ± 8.2 μM). Moreover, the role of amine moiety on the observed activity was studied through substituting with chlorine and hydrogen resulted into a considerable deterioration on the inhibitory activity. Kinetic study and molecular docking study have confirmed the in-vitro results